Inhalt: In this article, we draw a parallel between equality of opportunity in educational transitions and equality of opportunity in academic careers. In both cases, many methodological problems can be ameliorated by the use of longitudinal rather than cross-sectional data. We illustrate this point by using Finnish full-population register data to follow the educational and academic careers of the 1964-1966 birth cohorts from birth to the present day. We show how the Finnish professoriate is highly selected both in terms of parental background and in terms of gender. Individuals of different backgrounds differ greatly in the likelihood of completing different educational and academic transitions, but much less in the age at which they make these transitions. By contrast, women’s academic careers differ from those of men both in terms of timing and in terms of rates, with women’s PhDs and full professorships seemingly delayed compared to those of men. We additionally show with the help of a 2015 cross-section of Finnish professors how such differences are easily overlooked in cross-sectional data.
Schlagwörter:Bildung; academic (female); gender; Akademikerin; education; Chancengleichheit; Hochschulbildung; academy; Gender; equality of rights; Akademie; Karriere; Finland; woman; Gleichberechtigung; Akademiker; equal opportunity; Finnland; career; university level of education; academic
SSOAR Kategorie:Wissenschaftssoziologie, Wissenschaftsforschung, Technikforschung, Techniksoziologie, Berufsforschung, Berufssoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Inhalt: SUMMARYThe percentage of women employed in professional scientific positions has been low but is increasing over time. The U.S. National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation have both implemented programs to improve women's participation in science, and many universities and companies have diversity and equity programs. While most faculty and scientists believe that they are fair and unbiased, numerous well-designed studies published in leading peer-reviewed journals show that gender bias in sciences and medicine is widespread and persistent today in both faculty and students. Recent studies show that gender bias affects student grading, professional hiring, mentoring, tenure, promotion, respect, grant proposal success, and pay. In addition, sexual harassment remains a significant barrier. Fortunately, several studies provide evidence that programs that raise conscious awareness of gender bias can improve equity in science, and there are a number of recommendations and strategies for improving the participation of women.
Schlagwörter:Forschungsförderung; Frauen in der Wissenschaft; gender bias; Geschlechterverhältnis; Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen; Gleichstellungspolitik; Medizin; Mentoring; Personalrekrutierung; USA; Wissenschaftskarriere
Rezension zu : Mike Laufenberg, Martina Erlemann, Maria Norkus, Grit Petschick (Hg.): Prekäre Gleichstellung. Geschlechtergerechtigkeit, soziale Ungleichheit und unsichere Arbeitsverhältnisse in der Wissenschaft. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2018 - Querelles-net, Jg. 20, Nr. 3 (2019)
Autor/in:
Mauer, Heike
Quelle: (2019)
Inhalt: Umfassend werden hier das Verhältnis von prekären Arbeitsverhältnissen und Diskriminierungs- und Ungleichheitsstrukturen in der Wissenschaft sowie Gleichstellungspolitiken in den Blick genommen. Die Autor_innen plädieren dafür, die Ökonomisierung von Bildung, die Herausbildung der unternehmerischen Hochschule sowie die damit einhergehende Ausbreitung unsicherer Arbeitsverhältnisse in der Wissenschaft mit Prozessen der Gleichstellungsgovernance sowie der Transformation von Geschlechterverhältnissen und insbesondere von Rassismus an der Hochschule zusammenzudenken. In 12 Beiträgen werden diesbezügliche Ambivalenzen thematisiert und Interventionsmöglichkeiten, um Geschlechtergerechtigkeit, eine nicht-rassistische Hochschule und sichere Beschäftigungsverhältnisse zu verwirklichen, diskutiert.
The Penalties for Self-Reporting Sexual Harassment
Autor/in:
Hart, Chloe G.
Quelle: Gender & Society, 33 (2019) 4, S 534–559
Inhalt: Although sexual harassment in the workplace is illegal, it often goes unreported. this study employs causal evidence to evaluate one deterrent to reporting: bias against women known to be sexual harassment targets. I theorize about the form this bias takes and test the argument with a national survey experiment run in five waves from october 2017 to February 2018, where participants were asked to propose employment outcomes for an employee with one of four harassment experiences. Participants were less likely to recommend a woman for promotion if she self-reported sexual harassment relative to otherwise identical women who experienced nonsexual harassment or whose sexual harassment was reported by a coworker. the woman who self-reported sexual harassment experienced normative discrimination: that is, the promotion bias was significantly mediated by perceptions that she was less moral, warm, and socially skilled than the woman whose coworker reported her sexual harassment. these results indicate that women may hesitate to report sexual harassment because they rightly perceive that doing so could cause them to experience bias. Yet they also suggest that bias can be avoided if a bystander reports the harassment. Finally, exploratory analyses suggest that in the wake of #Metoo this bias may be fading.
Schlagwörter:#MeToo; Arbeitsplatz; bias; discrimination; Diskriminierung am Arbeitsplatz; Gender; Normen; sexism; Sexismus; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung; Stereotype; violence; workplace
CEWS Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Gender Differences in Twitter Use and Influence Among Health Policy and Health Services Researchers
Autor/in:
Zhu, Jane M.; Pelullo, Arthur P.; Hassan, Sayed; Siderowf, Lillian; Merchant, Raina M.; Werner, Rachel M.
Quelle: JAMA internal medicine, (2019)
Inhalt: Ample research has documented the lower visibility and success of women compared with men in academic medicine. Against this setting, social media platforms such as Twitter offer academics opportunities to promote their research, network professionally, gain visibility, and, in turn, foster opportunities for career advancement.1 These opportunities are particularly critical in health policy and health services research, in which dissemination of policy-relevant research and engagement with health care decision-makers impacts academic influence, recognition, and promotion. Herein, we describe gender differences in Twitter use and influence among health services researchers.
Männer-Dominanz bei Twitter
Sie können noch so viele neue Botschaften senden, teilen oder auch einfach nur liken, also mit einem Herzchen versehen: Der Einfluss von Wissenschaftlerinnen im Kurznachrichtendienst Twitter hinkt dennoch hinter dem ihrer männlichen Kolleginnen her (InsideHigherEd). Wie eine jetzt veröffentlichte Studie zeigt, zählen Forscher etwa doppelt so viele Follower wie ihre Kolleginnen – egal wie aktiv sie auf Twitter sind. Nachgewiesen wurde die Schieflage für Forschende in der Medizin, Experten halten das Ergebnis jedoch auch auf andere Fächer für übertragbar. Den Bias zu kennen, ist bei der Entwicklung alternativer Kennzahlen für die Forschungsevaluation bedeutsam.
Inhalt: The transitional phase in the Twenty first century epoch has marked the most challenging stage of human lives. Employment and life style patterns are gradually transforming with the advent and influence of globalization, modernization, and urban ways of living and enhanced competition from the other nations. The role of women is very challenging due to the higher level of expectations; they have to gratify to make their living in the male dominating society. Women have to perform multiple roles and are expected to make proper balance between their personal as well as professional lives. In order to meet their personal, professional and social needs, they have to struggle with numerous gauntlets in the complex environment. The conflict in their job role and family role is one of the biggest challenges in the present era. Hence, the study aims at providing the insight to the conceptual framework of work-life balance, its significance in the lives of working women as well as various measures to ensure the certainty of balance in their lives.
Schlagwörter:Frauen in der Wissenschaft; Frauenrolle; Globalisierung; Lifestyle; Modernisierung; work-life balance
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaft als Beruf, Vereinbarkeit Familie-Beruf
Representation of women in the news: balancing between career and family life
Autor/in:
Vandenberghe, Hanne
Quelle: Media and Communication, 7 (2019) 1, S 4-12
Inhalt: An in-depth literature review showed that women, despite their increasingly prominent roles worldwide, continue to be persistently underrepresented and stereotyped in news media. This study aimed to investigate the extent to which the representation of women changed over time in two Dutch-speaking Belgian newspapers De Standaard and Het Laatste Nieuws. An automated quantitative content analysis revealed that there is no increase of the number of women in the newspapers between 2005 and 2015. On the contrary, women are significantly less represented over time in the popular newspaper Het Laatste Nieuws. A qualitative analysis on two cases about women stepping into a leadership position -in 2012 (Catherine De Bolle as head of the Federal police) and in 2014 (Dominique Leroy as CEO of a Belgian telecom company)- showed that the press emphasised their femininity, their being a role model for other women, their being part of a family and having certain looks. Moreover, these women are clearly portrayed as "the best candidate" pointing at the selection procedures and their capabilities to perform professionally. Probably, this strong emphasis is a way of justifying that these women are not selected because of positive discrimination. Further analysis of cases of both men and women stepping into top positions across countries and media platforms is recommended.
Die Instrumentalisierung von Frauen*rechten in rechten Diskursen am Beispiel der Kampagne #120db
Titelübersetzung:The exploitation of women's* rights in rightwing discourses using the example of #120db
Autor/in:
Drüeke, Ricarda; Klaus, Elisabeth
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 11 (2019) 3, S 84-99
Inhalt: In unserem Beitrag steht mit #120db eine "Frauenrechts-Kampagne" der sogenannten "Identitären Bewegung" im Fokus. Die Identitären, die sich als Teil einer modernen rechten Bewegung inszenieren, nutzen vor allem digitale Medien im Zusammenspiel mit öffentlichkeitswirksamen Aktionen. Anhand einer Analyse des im Mittelpunkt der Kampagne #120db stehenden YouTube-Videos zeigen wir, wie die angeblichen Forderungen nach Frauen*rechten mit geschlechterbinären, rassistischen und antifeministischen Positionen verknüpft sind. Die zentralen Argumentationsmuster des Videos verorten wir im Rahmen von politischen und medialen Debatten, gesellschaftlichen Diskursen und kulturellen Deutungsmustern. Insbesondere finden sich im Video Bezüge zu Nationenund Kriegsdiskursen, zu ethnopluralistischen Positionen, zu medialen Inszenierungen im Kontext von Flucht und Migration sowie schließlich zu aktuellen Sicherheitsdebatten in Österreich. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Inhalte der Kampagne eng mit rechten Ideologien verknüpft sind, etwa im Hinblick auf völkische und identitätspolitische Diskurse. Darüber hinaus werden Gender, Migration und Gewalt verknüpft, um rassistische Politiken und Ausgrenzung zu legitimieren. Dies wird von einer De-Legitimierung und Abwertung feministischer Politiken begleitet.
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, interaktive, elektronische Medien, politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur