The frequency of expressions and proverbs in different Iranian generations' speech styles
Autor/in:
Khaghaninejad, Mohammad Saber; Hadigheh, Saharsaadat
Quelle: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (2015) 50, S 13-19
Inhalt: Change is one of the fundamentals of every language. Every community consists of different generations with various perspectives toward life. The difference among different generations' vernaculars are so drastic that it would not be an exaggeration to claim that every generation of a society or a speech community has its own language or vernacular which distinguishes it from other generations or age-groups of the society in lexico-grammatical terms. This study put the frequency of expressions and proverbs in different generations' speech styles under investigation. Hence, inspired by stratified randomization technique, the researcher randomly selected a group of 24 middle-aged and similarly a group of 24 teenager participants of the two genders. Each of the age-groups consisted of 12 male and 12 female subjects in order to provide the possibility to determine the role of gender on expression or proverb usage. All the subjects were individually interviewed for elicitation of the needed data then their sentences were recorded and accurately transcribed for further investigation. By counting the expressions or proverbs in sentences of male/female teenagers' and middle-aged subjects of the research, their expression and proverb usage frequencies were illuminated. The study's results suggested that middle-aged speakers of Iranian community employed expressions and proverbs more than teenagers. This implies that the older would have a stronger relationship with the literature and are more satisfied with their culture and identity. Middle-aged subjects used those expressions which were deeply rooted in the literature and culture while teenagers were highly in use of those expressions and proverbs which were suddenly entered into the lexicon of the society by the advent of new television series or expanded advertisements of mass media, for example. Furthermore, it was found that males generally were more interested in using expression and proverb in their daily conversations than females.
A gynocritical study of The Company of Wolves by Angela Carter
Autor/in:
Nouri, Azadeh; Aziz Mohammadi, Fatemeh
Quelle: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (2015) 48, S 100-106
Inhalt: In 1979, Carter published one of her mast renowned collections of short fiction, The Bloody Chamber. The majority of Angela Carter's work revolve around a specific type of feminism, radical libertarian feminism and her critique of the patriarchal role that have been placed on women. which she promotes feminist due to her style, referred to as "Galm-Rock" feminism In this article, the main concentrate is on heroine's internalized consciousness which echoes in their behavior. All of the female protagonists in carter's short stories; such as The Werewolf, The Wolf-Alice, and mainly in The Company of Wolves have similar characteristics with different conditions, in which they are represented in a very negative light with less than ideal roles. In these stories, the protagonist is a young girl who has many conflicts with love and desire. Carter attempts to encourage women to do something about this degrading representation.
Quelle: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (2015) 47, S 174-183
Inhalt: Feminists, among others, have found Eve's representation in Milton's Paradise Lost problematic over the last centuries. Some of them consider Eve to be Adam’s inferior while others find traces of egalitarian relationship between them. This study uses Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson's Politeness Theory and applies it to the conversations between Adam and Eve prior to the Fall in order to address this issue. It is demonstrated in this article that, before the Fall, Eve always exercises less power than Adam except for a brief moment that she achieves equality.
Quelle: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (2015) 49, S 83-91
Inhalt: Louis Althusser (1918-1990) builds on the work of Jacques Lacan to understand the way ideology functions in society. He thus moves away from the earlier Marxist understanding of ideology. In the earlier model, ideology was believed to create what was termed "false consciousness", a false understanding of the way the world functioned. Althusser explains that for Marx "Ideology is [...] thought as an imaginary construction whose status is exactly like the theoretical status of the dream among writers before Freud. For those writers, the dream was the purely imaginary, i.e. null, result of the 'day's residues" (1971:108). Althusser, by contrast, approximates ideology to Lacan's understanding of reality, the world we construct around us after our entrance into the symbolic order. For Althusser, as for Lacan, it is impossible to access the real conditions of existence due to our reliance on language. This could be seen throughout the novel by Margaret Atwood who writes The Handmaid's Tale (1985) based on the concept of ideology. This is about how the heroine of the story and other women in the society are manipulated by the ideology of ruling class through a communist society. In such a world nothing is real and everything is just an illusion that is made by ruling class. The subjects trapped or forced to believe such misconceptions and unreality through different techniques that are employed by the rulers. The dominant forces and ideology are so strong that the subject at the end gets a new identity since she is required unconsciously without her knowing. The other aspect shown by this novel is the failure of revolution and communism in this society and persistence of capitalism that it never disappears.
Schlagwörter:Kapitalismus; capitalism; Ideologie; ideology; Gesellschaft; society; Kommunismus; communism; Fehlertheorie; statistical theory of errors; Manipulation; manipulation; Literatur; literature; Roman; novel; Philosophie; philosophy; Althusser, L.; Lacan, J.
SSOAR Kategorie:Soziologie von Gesamtgesellschaften, Philosophie, Theologie, Kultursoziologie, Kunstsoziologie, Literatursoziologie
A study of carter's The Snow Child in the light of Showalter's theories
Autor/in:
Aziz Mohammadi, Fatemeh
Quelle: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (2015) 48, S 133-137
Inhalt: Angela Carter was an English fiction writer and journalist. Her female protagonists often take an empowered roles where they rise up against oppression and fight for both sexual and political equality. The actions of these women are direct reflections of the feminist movement that took place in the 1970s. The concepts within this movement relating specifically to the ideologies of radical-libertarian feminist, and regarding the extent to which she promotes feminist due to her style, referred to as "Galm-Rock" feminism. Carter began experimenting with writing fairy tales in 1970, which coincided with the period of second wave feminism in the Unites States. The majority of Angela Carter's work revolve around a specific type of feminism, radical libertarian feminism and her critique of the patriarchal role that have been placed on women. In this article, the main concentrate is on heroine's internalized consciousness which echoes in their behavior. All of the female protagonists in carter's short stories; such as The Courtship of Mr. Lyon, The Tiger's Bride, The snow child and mainly in The Bloody chamber have similar characteristics with different conditions, in which they are represented in a very negative light with less than ideal roles. In these stories, the protagonist is a young girl who has many conflicts with love and desire. Carter attempts to encourage women to do something about this degrading representation.
Becomings: narrative entanglements and microsociology
Titelübersetzung:Künstlerisches Werden: narrative Verstrickungen und Mikrosoziologie
Autor/in:
Tamboukou, Maria
Quelle: Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 16 (2015) 1, 18 S
Inhalt: "In diesem Beitrag befasse ich mich mit einem Experiment, in dessen Rahmen ich Künstlerinnen zu einer Ausstellung und einer Podiumsdiskussion während einer Soziologie-Tagung eingeladen habe. Die Künstlerinnen waren zuvor bereits für das feministische Forschungsprojekt 'In the Fold Between Life and Art, a Genealogy of Women Artists' interviewt worden. Die Ausstellung ermöglichte den Künstlerinnen, ihre Arbeiten einem akademischen Publikum vorzustellen, während sie bei der Podiumsdiskussion eingeladen waren, über ihr künstlerisches Werden zu berichten. Ausgehend von dem während der Konferenz gewonnenen Material reflektiere ich Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Verwendung von Erzählungen in mikrosoziologischen Untersuchungen. Theoretisch angelehnt an Hannah Arendt interessieren mich dabei insbesondere Bezüge und Spannungen zwischen Sozialem, Politischem und Kulturellen in der narrativen Forschung." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "In this article, I look back in an art/ research experiment of convening an exhibition of women artists and inviting them to a round-table discussion in the context of a sociological conference. The artists who took part in this event had been previously interviewed for a feminist research project, entitled 'In the Fold Between Life and Art, a Genealogy of Women Artists'. The conference exhibition gave the artists the opportunity to appear to an academic audience and present their work while the round-table discussion created a forum for a narrative event where all women were invited to recount stories of becoming an artist. In looking at this event I want to explore questions around the possibilities and limitations of narratives in microsociological inquiries. In following trails of Arendt's theorisation of stories, I explore connections and tensions between social, political and cultural entanglements in narrative research." (author's abstract)
Western feminist consciousness in Buchi Emecheta's The joys of motherhood
Autor/in:
Barfi, Zahra; Alaei, Sarieh
Quelle: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (2015) 42, S 12-20
Inhalt: Feminism is a collection of movements which struggles for women's rights. Focusing on gender as a basis of women's sexual oppression, feminist scholarship attempts to establish equal rights for women politically, economically, socially, personally, etc. The Joys of Motherhood highlights Buchi Emecheta's critical view toward colonialism and racism affecting Third world women's lives. Besides this, Emecheta goes further to display African women's invisibility and marginalization-which were out of sight for a long time-in terms of some aspects of Western feminist discourse. Her creative discourse, in this regard, casts further light upon the issue of gender oppression in African feminist study. Hence, this study attempts to examine the way in which Emecheta furthers Western feminist ideology.
Life narratives, common language and diverse ways of belonging
Titelübersetzung:Biografische Erzählungen, gemeinsame Sprache und multiple Zugehörigkeiten
Autor/in:
Kwapisz Williams, Katarzyna
Quelle: Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 16 (2015) 2, 19 S
Inhalt: In diesem Beitrag diskutiere ich meine Erfahrungen des allmählichen Eintauchens in die Community in Australien lebender polnischer Migrant/innen, welcher ich beigetreten bin, als ich dort die Lebensgeschichten polnisch-stämmiger Autorinnen der Nachkriegszeit untersuchte. Ich zeige, wie sich meine Annahmen hinsichtlich der Gemeinsamkeiten von Kultur und Sprache während meiner Forschungsbegegnung mit den Autorinnen gewandelt haben: Zunächst nahm ich an, dass die Tatsache, dass ich dieselbe Sprache sprach wie die untersuchten Autorinnen, mich in die Lage versetzen würde, dasselbe kulturelle Wissen zu teilen und dadurch einen unmittelbaren Zugang zu den Forschungsteilnehmerinnen zu gewinnen. Die Sprache, so stellte es sich für mich heraus, markiert aber eher die Vielfalt statt der Einheitlichkeit von Erfahrungen, Positionierungen und gedanklichen Welten. Die Kategorie des Geschlechts, die ich zunächst als fluide und instabile Kategorie verstand, ersetzte jedoch die Sprache in ihrer Funktion eines Bindeglieds zwischen mir als Forscherin und meinen Forschungsteilnehmerinnen. Die Beispiele aus meiner Studie illustrieren, dass die Forschung zur Diaspora die Multiplizität der Identitätsmarker beachten muss, die die Forscher/innen diesseits und jenseits der Diaspora positionieren. Mein Beitrag basiert auf einer Vielzahl an Datenmaterial, einschließlich Feldnotizen, Feldtagebüchern und Interviews mit polnischen Autorinnen sowie Sekundärliteratur über Pol/innen und Australier/innen polnischer Abstammung in Australien. (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: The article discusses my experiences of gradual immersion into the community of Polish migrants to Australia, which I joined while researching life writing of Polish post-war women migrants to Australia. I focus on how my assumptions concerning commonality of culture and language transformed during the preliminary stages of my research. I initially assumed that speaking the same language as the writers whose works I study, and their ethnic community, would position me as a person sharing the same cultural knowledge, and allow me immediate access toresearch participants. Yet, the language I considered to be the major marker of ethnic identity exhibited multiplicity instead of unity of experiences, positions and conceptual worlds. Instead, gender, which I had considered a fluid and unstable category highly context-dependent especially
in the migration framework, proved to be an important element of interaction and communication
between myself and my research participants. I have learnt that it is critical for research on
diaspora, including diaspora's literary cultures, to account for other identity markers that include meas a researcher into some Polish community groups while excluding from others. I base my contribution on various kinds of materials, including field notes, fieldwork diaries and interviews with Polish writers as well as secondary literature on Poles and Australians of Polish extraction in Australia. (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Ethnizität; Pole; Polen; Migration; Pole; Diaspora; Biographie; Australien; Sprache; Sprachverhalten; gender; ethnicity; observation; diaspora; language; Beobachtung; Sprachgebrauch; kulturelle Identität; Poland; cultural identity; language usage; Australia; migration; language behavior; biography
SSOAR Kategorie:Kultursoziologie, Kunstsoziologie, Literatursoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Migration
Images von Gewicht: Soziale Bewegungen, Queer Theory und Kunst in den USA
Herausgeber/in:
Hieber, Lutz; Villa, Paula-Irene
Quelle: Bielefeld (Gender Studies), 2015. 262 S
Inhalt: Der Begriff der Postmoderne ist äußerst vielschichtig. Er bezieht sich auf eine sozialwissenschaftlich-politische Zeitdiagnose, versucht neuartige kulturelle Entwicklungen zu fassen und bezeichnet zudem ein heterogenes Diskurs-Feld. In diesem Band ist vor allem die US-amerikanische Counter Culture und der damit verknüpfte künstlerische Aktivismus von Interesse, der sich um queer identity politics und die damit verbundenen politischen Ziele - u.a. Reflexivierung und Politisierung von Sexualität - entfaltet hat. Das Buch stellt den kulturellen und intellektuellen Kontext vor, in dem sich seit einer Dekade in den USA die Queer Theory entwickelt hat. Die Queer Theory, als deren profilierteste Vertreterin Judith Butler gilt, stellt Sexualität und sexuelle Identitäten als eine Hauptachse sozial produzierter Differenzen ins Zentrum theoretischer und politischer Überlegungen. Der Band rückt eine zeit-historische Konstellation von Kunst, Wissenschaft und Politik in den Vordergrund, die ihre Beschreibung im Begriff der Postmoderne findet.
Schlagwörter:Queer Studies; queer studies; kulturelle Entwicklung; cultural development; Identität; identity; Sexualität; sexuality; Politisierung; politicization; Butler, J.; Butler, J.; Gender; gender; Protestbewegung; protest movement; USA; United States of America; Postmoderne; postmodernism; Feminismus; feminism; soziale Bewegung; social movement; ziviler Ungehorsam; civil disobedience; Kulturwissenschaft; cultural studies; Cultural Studies; Queer Theory; Sexuelle Identität
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Kultursoziologie, Kunstsoziologie, Literatursoziologie, politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur
Outsiders within: framing and regulation of headscarves in France, Germany and the Netherlands
Autor/in:
Lettinga, Doutje; Saharso, Sawitri
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 2 (2014) 3, S 29-39
Inhalt: While women in Europe who wear the Islamic headscarf are generally seen as outsiders who do not belong to the nation, some countries are more tolerant towards the wearing of headscarves than others. France, Germany and the Netherlands have developed different policies regarding veiling. In this paper we describe how headscarves became regulated in each of these countries and discuss the ways in which French, Dutch and German politicians have deliberated the issue. The paper is based on a content analysis of parliamentary debates on veiling in France (1989-2007), Germany (1997-2007) and the Netherlands (1985-2007). Our aim is to discuss what these national political debates reveal about the way in which the social inclusion of Islamic women in (or rather exclusion from) the nation is perceived in these three countries. Our claim is that veiling arouses opposition because it challenges national self-understandings. Yet, because nations have different histories of nation building, these self-understandings are challenged in various ways and hence, governments have responded to headscarves with diverse regulation. While we did find national differences, we also discovered that the political debates in the three countries are converging over time. The trend is towards increasingly gendered debates and more restrictive headscarf policies. This, we hypothesize, is explained by international polarization around Islam and the strength of the populist anti-immigrant parties across Europe.