Who Becomes a Tenured Professor, and Why? : Panel Data Evidence from German Sociology, 1980–2013
Autor/in:
Lutter, Mark; Schröder, Martin
Quelle: Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung (MPIfG); Köln (MPIfG Discussion Paper, 14/19), 2014. 34 S
Inhalt: Bei der Frage, wer eine Professur bekommt, sind sich bisherige Studien insbesondere über den Einfluss nichtmeritokratischer Faktoren unschlüssig. Auf Basis von Lebenslauf- und Publikationsdaten fast aller an soziologischen Instituten in Deutschland beschäftigten Sozialwissenschaftlerinnen und Sozialwissenschaftlern testen wir, wie meritokratische (wissenschaftliche Produktivität) und nichtmeritokratische Faktoren (Askription, symbolisches und soziales Kapital) die Chance beeinflussen, auf eine Soziologieprofessur berufen zu werden. Es zeigt sich, dass eine Berufung vor allem von der Anzahl wissenschaftlicher Publikationen abhängt. Mit jedem referierten Zeitschriftenaufsatz und jeder Buchpublikation steigt die Chance auf eine Berufung um 10 bis 15 Prozent an, während andere Publikationsarten sie nur moderat oder sogar negativ beeinflussen. Unter den nicht-meritokratischen Faktoren zeigen sich insbesondere Netzwerkfaktoren wie auch individuelle Reputation als relevant. Internationale Erfahrung sowie das Prestige der Herkunftsinstitution weisen keine direkten Effekte auf. Frauen, so das weitere Ergebnis der Untersuchung, benötigen im Schnitt 23 bis 44 Prozent weniger Publikationen als Männer, um einen Erstruf zu erhalten. Unter sonst gleichen Faktoren liegt ihre Chance auf eine Professur um das 1,4-fache höher als die ihrer männlichen Kollegen. Insgesamt leistet die Studie einen Beitrag zur Beantwortung der Frage, wie und wie stark meritokratische und nichtmeritokratische Faktoren die Chancen auf 14/19 sehr knappe, zugleich hoch kompetitive Berufspositionen beeinflussen.
Opportunities, Constraints, and Constrained Opportunities - A Study on Mothers' Working Time Patterns in 22 European Countries
Autor/in:
Salin, Milla
Quelle: Population Research Institute Väestöliitto; Helsinki (Finnish Yearbook of Population Research, Supplement, 49), 2014. 190 S
Inhalt: The aim of this study was to analyze mothers' working time patters across 22 European countries. The focu was on three questions: how much mothers prefer to work, how much they actually work, and to what degree their preferred and actual working times are (in)consistent with each other. The focus was on cross-national differences in mothers’ working time patterns, comparison of mothers' working times to that of childless women and fathers, as well as on individual- and country-level factors that explain the variation between them. In the theoretical background, the departure point was an integrative theoretical approach where the assumption is that there are various kinds of explanations for the differences in mothers’ working time patterns - namely structural, cultural and institutional -, and that these factors are laid in two levels: individual- and country-levels. Data were extracted from the European Social Survey (ESS) 2010 / 2011. The results showed that mothers' working time patterns, both preferred and actual working times, varied across European countries. Four clusters were formed to illustrate the differences. In the full-time pattern, full-time work was the most important form of work, leaving all other working time forms marginal. The full-time pattern was perceived in terms of preferred working times in Bulgaria and Portugal. In polarised pattern countries, full-time work was also important, but it was accompanied by a large share of mothers not working at all. In the case of preferred working times, many Eastern and Southern European countries followed it whereas in terms of actual working times it included all Eastern and Southern European countries as well as Finland. The combination pattern was characterised by the importance of long part-time hours and full-time work. It was the preferred working time pattern in the Nordic countries, France, Slovenia, and Spain, but Belgium, Denmark, France, Norway, and Sweden followed it in terms of actual working times. The fourth cluster that described mothers’ working times was called the part-time pattern, and it was illustrated by the prevalence of short and long part-time work. In the case of preferred working times, it was followed in Belgium, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Besides Belgium, the part-time pattern was followed in the same countries in terms of actual working times. The consistency between preferred and actual working times was rather strong in a majority of countries. However, six countries fell under different working time patterns when preferred and actual working times were compared. Comparison of working mothers’, childless women’s, and fathers’ working times showed that differences between these groups were surprisingly small. It was only in part-time pattern countries that working mothers worked significantly shorter hours than working childless women and fathers. Results therefore revealed that when mothers’ working times are under study, an important question regarding the population examined is whether it consists of all mothers or only working mothers. Results moreover supported the use of the integrative theoretical approach when studying mothers’ working time patterns. Results indicate that mothers’ working time patterns in all countries are shaped by various opportunities and constraints, which are comprised of structural, cultural, institutional, and individual-level factors.
Schlagwörter:gender relations; Arbeitszeitwunsch; demographic factors; Familienpolitik; gender role; kulturelle Faktoren; desired working hours; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Geschlechtsrolle; Europa; labor force participation; soziale Faktoren; comparative research; family policy; vergleichende Forschung; Mutterschaft; motherhood; labor market; Arbeitszeit; Arbeitsmarkt; cultural factors; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Europe; Geschlechterverhältnis; working hours; demographische Faktoren; social factors
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Familienpolitik, Jugendpolitik, Altenpolitik, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Geschlechterrollen bei Deutschen und Zuwanderern christlicher und muslimischer Religionszugehörigkeit
Titelübersetzung:Gender roles among Germans and Immigrants of Christian and Muslim religious affiliation
Autor/in:
Becher, Inna; El-Menouar, Yasemin
Quelle: Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) Forschungszentrum Migration, Integration und Asyl (FZ); Nürnberg (Forschungsbericht / Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) Forschungszentrum Migration, Integration und Asyl (FZ), 21), 2014. 212 S
Inhalt: Die BAMF-Geschlechterrollenstudie 2013, die als Begleitforschung zur Deutschen Islam Konferenz entstanden ist, beschäftigt sich mit der Frage nach Geschlechtergerechtigkeit. Untersucht wird, inwieweit bei muslimischen und christlichen Zuwanderern hierarchische Geschlechterbeziehungen befürwortet und im Alltag praktiziert werden. Die Studie präsentiert ein differenziertes Bild über die Rollenaufteilung zwischen den Geschlechtern in der muslimischen Bevölkerung. Sie kommt zum Schluss, dass sowohl die Mehrheit der Muslime als auch der Christen eine Gleichberechtigung von Männern und Frauen befürworten. Somit herrscht insgesamt ein klares Bekenntnis zur Geschlechtergerechtigkeit vor.
Schlagwörter:Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Deutscher; German; Migrant; migrant; Christ; Christian; Muslim; Muslim; Religionszugehörigkeit; religious affiliation; Gleichstellung; affirmative action; gender-specific factors; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Migration, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Gender in Science and Technology: Interdisciplinary Approaches
Herausgeber/in:
Ernst, Waltraud; Horwath, Ilona
Quelle: Bielefeld (Gender Studies), 2014. 262 S
Inhalt: What role does gender play in scientific research and the development of technologies? This book provides methodological expertise, research experiences and empirical findings in the dynamic field of Science and Technology Studies. The authors, coming from computer science, social sciences, or cultural studies of science, discuss how to ask questions about gender and give examples for the application in interdisciplinary research, development and teaching. Topics range from the design of information and communication technologies, epistemologies of biology and chemistry to teaching mathematics and professional processes in engineering.
Schlagwörter:science; neue Technologie; new technology; Gender; gender; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Cultural Studies; Engineering; Gender; Gender Studies; Innovation Research; Science; Sociology of Science; Sociology of Technology
SSOAR Kategorie:Wissenschaftssoziologie, Wissenschaftsforschung, Technikforschung, Techniksoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Gender Equality Policies in Public Research : Based on a survey among Members of the Helsinki Group on Gender in Research and Innovation, 2013
Autor/in:
European Commission
Quelle: Europäische Kommission; Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014. 50 S
Inhalt: Gender issues in research and innovation have gained increased recognition on policy agendas at national, European and international levels, as well as at the level of research organisations. This report on “Gender Equality Policies in Public Research” is based on a survey among the members of the Helsinki Group, the Commission’s advisory group on gender, research and innovation. It gives a detailed analysis of the current state-of-play of EU Member States’ and associated countries’ initiatives for promoting gender equality in research and innovation. It comes at a critical review point along the path towards a fully operational European Research Area (ERA) and provides a timely insight for the forthcoming ERA Progress Report 2014
Schlagwörter:europäischer Forschungsraum; Gender; gender pay gap; Gleichstellung in der EU; Gleichstellungspolitik; Karrierechancen; Monitoring
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Fördermaßnahmen, Wissenschaftspolitik, Gleichstellungspolitik
Justifications of gender equality in academia : Comparing gender equality policies of six Scandinavian universities
Autor/in:
Nielsen, Mathias Wullum
Quelle: NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, (2014) , S 187–203
Inhalt: Gender equality in academia is often perceived as receiving more emphasis in Norway and Sweden than in Denmark. But how do the public research institutions in the three countries approach issues of gender equality differently? This study investigates how activities related to gender equality are articulated and justified in the policy statements of six Scandinavian universities. The analysis reveals some interesting disparities between the countries. In short, the Danish universities seem to be reluctant to deal with gender equality on the basis of rights-based assumptions. While the Norwegian and Swedish universities juxtapose arguments of utility, innovation, justice, and anti-discrimination, the Danish universities primarily refer to aspects of competitiveness, utility, and innovation when justifying activities on gender equality. The article suggests that the lack of justice-oriented perspectives in the Danish statements is an illustrative example of how neo-liberal managerial ideas about work-place productivity and creativity entail new and more instrumental approaches to gender equality issues in academia.
Arbeiten am Unterschied : Eingriffe feministischer Theorie
Autor/in:
Knapp, Gudrun-Axeli
Quelle: Innsbruck: Studien Verlag (transblick, 9), 2014, 1. Aufl., neue Ausg. 200 S
Inhalt: Der Band versammelt Aufsätze und Vorträge, die sich in einem weiten Sinn mit Theorie und Praxis feministischer Kritik befassen. Leitmotiv der Texte ist das Arbeiten am Unterschied: dies bezieht sich sowohl auf die Frage nach der gesellschaftlichen Verfasstheit von Geschlechterdifferenz und -verhältnissen als auch auf die Frage nach deren Vermittlung und Brechung durch andere Verhältnisse von Differenz und Ungleichheit. Ein roter Faden, der mit unterschiedlichen Akzenten die Beiträge durchzieht, ist die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Kritik- und Veränderungspotenzial feministischen Denkens und Handelns im Spannungsfeld der Perspektiven von Gleichheit, Differenz und Dekonstruktion. Anhand von Problemstellungen aus verschiedenen Phasen der Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung und Eingriffen in spezifische Ausarbeitungen feministischer Kritik wird verdeutlicht, wie voraussetzungsvoll der Anspruch ist, Gesellschafts- und Erkenntniskritik theoretisch und praktisch zu verbinden. In Abgrenzung von sozialtechnologisch verkürzten Konzepten der Verbindung von Theorie und Praxis, die Theorien als Handlungsanleitungen missverstehen, und jenseits von sozial- und kulturrevolutionären Illusionen darüber, dass Radikalität des Denkens und radikales Handeln in der Praxis etwas Gleichsinniges seien, geht es darum, theoretische Deutungen und die Erfahrungen der Praxis in ein reflektiertes Verhältnis zu bringen. (Verlagsangaben)
Power and Resistance in Gender Equality Strategies : Comparing Quotas and Small Wins
Autor/in:
Benschop, Yvonne; van den Brink, Marieke
Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of Gender. Savita Kumra, Ruth Simpson, Ronald Burke (Hrsg.), Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, S 332–352
Inhalt: Gender equality strategies involve changing processes of power and therefore invoke resistance. In this chapter, we review existing research on change towards gender equality in organizations. We summarize the different strategies and zoom in on the post-equity or small wins experiments and quota regulations. We analyse these contrasting intervention strategies in terms of the power processes they invoke and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. This comparison between post-equity and quota strategies suggests that they can be complementary. Quotas force an increase in the numbers of women in managerial positions, but if gendered processes in the organization do not change, these women might leave again. Post-equity experiments help to change these processes, and involve many organization members in the change of daily practices and underlying values. We argue that the combination of inclusive and transformational interventions leads to a synergy that is the most promising strategy for change.
Normalizing Sexual Violence: Young Women Account for Harassment and Abuse
Autor/in:
Hlavka, Heather R.
Quelle: Gender & Society, 28 (2014) 3, S 337–358
Inhalt: Despite high rates of gendered violence among youth, very few young women report these incidents to authority figures. This study moves the discussion from the question of why young women do not report them toward how violence is produced, maintained, and normalized among youth. The girls in this study often did not name what law, researchers, and educators commonly identify as sexual harassment and abuse. How then, do girls name and make sense of victimization? Exploring violence via the lens of compulsory heterosexuality highlights the relational dynamics at play in this naming process. Forensic interviews with youth revealed patterns of heteronormative scripts appropriated to make sense of everyday harassment, violence, coercion, and consent. Findings inform discussions about the links between dominant discourses and sexual subjectivities as we try to better understand why many regard violence a normal part of life.
Schlagwörter:adolescent; harassment; Normalisierung; normalization; rape; sexual abuse; silencing; youth