Children and the Remaining Gender Gaps in the Labor Market
Autor/in:
Cortes, Partricia; Pan, Jesscia
Quelle: IZA Institut of Labor Economics; (IZA Discussion Paper, 13759), 2020.
Inhalt: The past five decades have seen a remarkable convergence in the economic roles of men and women in society. Yet, persistently large gender gaps in terms of labor supply, earnings, and representation in top jobs remain. Moreover, in countries like the U.S., convergence in labor market outcomes appears to have slowed in recent decades. In this article, we focus on the role of children and show that many potential explanations for the remaining gender disparities in labor market outcomes are related to the fact that children impose significantly larger penalties on the career trajectories of women relative to men. In the U.S., we document that close to two-thirds of the overall gender earnings gap can be accounted for by the differential impacts of children on women and men. We propose a simple model of household decision-making to motivate the link between children and gender gaps in the labor market, and to help rationalize how various factors potentially interact with parenthood to produce differential outcomes for men and women. We discuss several forces that might make the road to gender equity even more challenging for modern cohorts of parents, and offer a critical discussion of public policies in seeking to address the remaining gaps.
Inhalt: Dieses Buch versammelt Stimmen von Wissenschaftlerin*innen, die sich in sehr persönlichen Texten mit dem Thema „Kinder haben oder nicht haben (wollen)“ auseinandersetzen. Dabei kreuzen sich Identitätspositionen verschiedener Herrschaftsverhältnisse und führen zu Kollisionen im Privaten und Öffentlichen: Die Autor*innen schreiben über ihre Erfahrungen als Selbstoptimierer*innen, Professor*innen, Aktivist*innen, Haushälter*innen, Partner*innen, Pendler*innen, Töchter, Lebenskünstler*innen, Jongleur*innen und Feminist*innen und über die (Un)Möglichkeiten, all das auf einmal zu sein. Darüber hinaus thematisieren und hinterfragen sie auf vielfältige Art das noch immer vorherrschende Mutterbild in Deutschland. Die Texte kommen aus verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen – aus MINT-Fächern ebenso wie aus Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften sowie aus der Kunst. Die drei Herausgeberinnen sind in der Wissenschaft tätige Mütter.
Inhalt: Auf die Betriebskultur kommt es an: Je stärker Betriebe von ihren Angestellten erwarten, allzeit verfügbar zu sein, desto schwerer ist es für Väter, ihre Wünsche nach längeren Elternzeiten und kürzeren Arbeitszeiten umzusetzen - und desto häufiger erleben Mütter wie Väter aufgrund einer Elternzeit berufliche Nachteile. Und: Eine gute Vertretungsregelung ist entscheidend dafür, wie gut Müttern und Vätern die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf gelingt.
Herausgeber/in:
Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ)
Quelle: Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ); , 2020.
Inhalt: Das Dossier zur Verteilung unbezahlter Sorgearbeit zwischen Frauen und Männern geht der Frage nach, warum Frauen mehr Zeit für Haushaltsführung, Pflege und Betreuung von Kindern und Erwachsenen sowie ehrenamtliches Engagement und informelle Hilfen aufbringen als Männer. Die Broschüre bildet die Grundlage für eine breite gesellschaftliche Diskussion darüber, wie Sorgeund Erwerbsarbeit gerechter zwischen den Geschlechtern aufgeteilt werden kann.
Academic motherhood during COVID‐19 : Navigating our dual roles as educators and mothers
Autor/in:
Guy, Batsheva; Arthur, Brittany
Quelle: Gender Work Organ (Gender, Work & Organization), 2 (2020) 1, 155 S
Inhalt: During the COVID‐19 crisis, being a working mother has taken on a whole new meaning, as mothers navigate working from home while juggling childcare, as well as coming to terms with their intersecting identities. The current article is a feminist, heartful autoethnographic account, couched in Relational‐Cultural Theory, surrounding our authentic experiences working from home and raising children during the worldwide pandemic. We explore academic motherhood, working from home, mental health, and coping during coronavirus and stay‐at‐home orders through engaged dialogue. We hope that showcasing our vulnerability can lead to change in the expectations we put on mothers in academia, while at the same time connect with readers who may be going through similar challenges.
Gender differences in higher education from a life course perspective : Transitions and social inequality between enrolment and first post-doc position
Autor/in:
Lörz, Markus; Mühleck, Kai
Quelle: High Educ (Higher Education), 77 (2019) 3, S 381–402
Inhalt: In the last decades, a vast number of post-industrialised economies have experienced a growing participation of women in higher education. However, men and women still differ with regard to their subsequent academic careers and labour market prospects. While several studies have disentangled the cumulative process of gender inequalities along the path to higher education, few studies cover two or more subsequent transitions in the academic career following graduation from upper-secondary education. We have investigated gender differences at five educational stages between graduation from upper-secondary education and the first post-doc position. To explain gender differences, we have integrated arguments of individual decision-making and educational, familial and work context conditions. This life course perspective leads us to propose several hypotheses on why the academic careers of men and women would differ in terms of transitions to the next education stage and graduation. We test our hypotheses using a longitudinal dataset which covers a large part of individual educational and academic careers of a cohort of students, beginning at the age of 20 years and extending up to the age of 40 years. Our results show that gender differences are more pronounced at the beginning of the academic career and tend to fade out at later stages. In particular, gender differences occur most strongly at transitions to the next educational stage rather than being caused by different graduation rates. These differences can be explained only to a very minor extent by performance. Separated analysis shows that men and women differ in their reasons to start or stop an academic career, with family circumstances in particular having different consequences.
Eine Analyse der Personalentwicklung in der Anästhesiologie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Gender-Aspekten
Autor/in:
van den Bussche, H.; Scherer, M.; Zöllner, C.; Kubitz, J. C.
Quelle: Der Anaesthesist, 68 (2019) 6, S 353–360
Inhalt: Skills shortage of nursing staff and physicians is a "hot topic" in health politics. For the future recruitment of medical staff in anesthesiology, an analysis of the staff development during the last decades considering gender aspects seems to be important. Therefore, the authors conducted a comparative analysis of data from the "Statistisches Bundesamt" (Fachserie 12 Reihe 7.3.1 and Fachserie 12 Reihe 6.1.1.) from 1994 until 2015. The analysis compared the development of anesthesiological staff (physicians) with the overall development of medical staff (physicians) in respect of the number of residents, consultants and department chairs. There are two major differences between the development of medical staff in anesthesiology and the overall development of medical staff: (1) in anesthesiology there is a high percentage of consultants without management tasks, (2) though the percentage of female colleagues is increasing both in anesthesiology and overall, the percentage of female colleagues in management or chair positions is lower in anesthesiology compared to the other disciplines, altogether. Anesthesiology is a discipline in which both the number of tasks and personnel have risen over the last two decades. The comparatively huge increase in the number of residents and consultants without management tasks suggests that the number of tasks in daily routine has substantially increased for anesthesiologists. The comparatively low percentage of female colleagues in chair positions should give an impulse to improve the compatibility of family and working live both for clinical and scientific careers.
Family-friendly academic conferences : A missing link to fix the “leaky pipeline”?
Autor/in:
Bos, Angela L.; Sweet-Cushman, Jennie; Schneider, Monica C.
Quelle: Politics, Groups, and Identities, 7 (2019) 3, S 748–758
Inhalt: Traveling to academic conferences to present research and network is essential for scholars to achieve success in the academy. Scholars with family obligations face barriers to participating in conferences, partly because most regional and national conferences are not organized to be family-friendly. While balancing travel to academic conferences with family responsibilities is a challenge faced by all academics, this burden can be especially high for women. As such, improving the family-friendly features of conferences could be one way to patch the “leaky pipeline” of young female scholars leaving the academy, and facilitate the movement of female faculty through the ranks from Assistant to Associate to Full Professor. We identify these barriers to conference attendance and how they might contribute to the leaky pipeline and share innovations from family-friendly small conferences that minimize these burdens. We also review what the major political science association conferences are doing to be family-friendly, and offer details about further recommended changes. Finally, we highlight one exemplary institutional policy and examples from other disciplines. Our conclusion is that there are many simple and affordable ways to make political science conferences more family-friendly and that these changes are necessary to creating an inclusive discipline.
Schlagwörter:academy; conferences; Frauen in der Wissenschaft; Gender; Mutterschaft; parenting; political science discipline
CEWS Kategorie:Wissenschaft als Beruf, Vereinbarkeit Familie-Beruf
„What got you here won’t get you there“ – die kommenden Herausforderungen
Autor/in:
Sack, Norbert
Quelle: Wissenschaftsleadership - Die Zukunft der Führung von Hochschulen und außeruniversitären Forschungseinrichtungen. Norbert Sack (Hrsg.), Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler. 2019, S 139–145
Inhalt: Der Wandel wird auch in den kommenden Jahren in der Wissenschaft weitergehen. Wie auch in der Wirtschaft bleiben die Trends Digitalisierung und technologische Innovation einerseits und die trotz kleinerer politischer Rückschläge weiter fortschreitende Globalisierung andererseits die wesentlichen Treiber für Veränderung. Daneben gibt es demografische Entwicklungen, die Veränderung auch für den Bildungssektor bedeuten. Die akuter werdende Frage nach gesellschaftlichen Prioritäten und nach der Verteilung der Finanzmittel, auch über politische Ressortgrenzen hinweg, führt zu einer weiter wachsenden Bedeutung der Verankerung der Wissenschaftsinstitutionen in der Gesellschaft. Für die Führungskräfte dieser Organisationen heißt das, dass interkulturelle Kompetenz, die Fähigkeit zu Kollaboration und zum Stakeholder-Management und das Umgehen mit komplexen Führungsherausforderungen und Spannungsfeldern weiter an Bedeutung zunehmen. Die Führungskräfte von morgen müssen sich noch stärker der Frage stellen, was die „License to operate“ ihrer wissenschaftlichen Institution ist.