Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in the European Union : A Systematic Review
Autor/in:
Gracia, Enrique; Lila, Marisol; Santirso, Faraj A.
Quelle: European Psychologist, 25 (2020) 2, S 104–121
Details
Inhalt: Attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) are increasingly recognized as central to understanding of this major social and public health problem, and guide the development of more effective prevention efforts. However, to date this area of research is underdeveloped in western societies, and in particular in the EU. The present study aims to provide a systematic review of quantitative studies addressing attitudes toward IPVAW conducted in the EU. The review was conducted through Web of Science, PsychINFO, Medline, EMBASE, PUBMED, and the Cochrane Library, in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. This review aimed to identify empirical studies conducted in the EU, published in English in peer-reviewed journals from 2000 to 2018, and analyzing attitudes toward IPVAW. A total of 62 of 176 eligible articles were selected according to inclusion criteria. Four sets of attitudes toward IPVAW were identified as the main focus of the studies: legitimation, acceptability, attitudes toward intervention, and perceived severity. Four main research themes regarding attitudes toward IPVAW emerged: correlates of attitudes, attitudes as predictors, validation of scales, and attitude change interventions. Although interest in this research area has been growing in recent years, the systematic review revealed important gaps in current knowledge on attitudes toward IPVAW in the EU that limits its potential to inform public policy. The review outlines directions for future study and suggests that to better inform policy making, these future research efforts would benefit from an EU-level perspective.
Schlagwörter:Einstellung; EU; Gewalt gegen Frauen; intimate partner violence; Partnerschaftsgewalt; systematischer Review; violence against women
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Ensuring the comparability of cross-national survey data on intimate partner violence against women: a cross-sectional, population-based study in the European Union
Autor/in:
Martín-Fernández, Manuel; Gracia, Enrique; Lila, Marisol
Quelle: BMJ Open, 10 (2020) 3
Details
Inhalt: OBJECTIVES
To ensure the cross-national comparability of the set of questions addressing physical and sexual intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) included in the European Union (EU) Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) survey. Once the measurement invariance of these measures is established, we aim to make appropriate and valid comparisons of the levels of physical and sexual IPVAW across the EU countries.
DESIGN
Cross-sectional, population-based study.
PARTICIPANTS
Data were drawn from the survey conducted by the FRA on violence against women, including the responses of 42 002 adult women from the 28 countries of the EU.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The set of questions addressing lifetime prevalence of physical and sexual IPVAW used in the FRA survey. The psychometric properties (ie, reliability and validity) of these measures were examined, as well as their latent structure and their measurement invariance across the 28 EU countries.
RESULTS
The physical and sexual IPVAW measures presented adequate internal consistency and validity evidence based on their relations to other variables in all countries. A latent two-factor structure was supported and scalar invariance was established across countries. Our results showed that the average levels of physical and sexual IPVAW were highest in Denmark, Finland, Sweden and UK compared with the rest of the EU countries. In many of the other countries the levels of these types of violence overlapped, especially in the case of sexual IPVAW.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this study showed that the set of questions addressing physical and sexual IPVAW included in the FRA survey can be compared across all EU countries, highlighting the importance of testing the measurement equivalence of the instruments used in large sociodemographic surveys in order to make valid cross-national comparisons.
Schlagwörter:Gewalt gegen Frauen; Partnerbeziehung; reliability; Skala; Validität; validity; vergleichende Forschung
CEWS Kategorie:Europa und Internationales, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Public Helping Reactions to Intimate Partner Violence against Women in European Countries: The Role of Gender-Related Individual and Macrosocial Factors
Autor/in:
Serrano-Montilla, Celia; Valor-Segura, Inmaculada; Padilla, José-Luis; Lozano, Luis Manuel
Quelle: International journal of environmental research and public health, 17 (2020) 17
Details
Inhalt: Public helping reactions are essential to reduce a victim's secondary victimization in intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) cases. Because gender-related characteristics have been linked widely to IPVAW prevalence, the study aimed to examine individual attitudes and perceptions toward different forms of violence against women, as well as gender-related macrosocial ideological and structural factors, in explaining helping reactions to IPVAW across 28 European countries. We performed multilevel logistic regression analysis, taking measures from the Eurobarometer 2016 (N = 7115) and the European Institute for Gender Equality datasets. Our study revealed a greater individual perceived IPVAW prevalence, positive perception about the appropriateness of a legal response to psychological and sexual violence against women partners, and less VAW-supportive attitudes predicted helping reactions (i.e., formal, informal), but not negative reactions to IPVAW. Moreover, individuals from European countries with a greater perceived IPVAW prevalence and gender equality preferred formal reactions to IPVAW. Otherwise, in the European countries with lesser perceived IPVAW prevalence and negative perceptions about the appropriate legal response to psychological and sexual violence, people were more likely to provide informal reactions to IPVAW. Our results showed the role of gender-related characteristics influenced real reactions toward known victim of IPVAW.
Schlagwörter:cross-cultural comparison; gender equality; Intervention; intimate partner violence; Structural factor; victimization; violence against women
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Motivational Strategies, Working Alliance, and Protherapeutic Behaviors in Batterer Intervention Programs: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Autor/in:
Santirso, Faraj A.; Lila, Marisol; Gracia, Enrique
Quelle: The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 12 (2020) 2, S 77–84
Details
Inhalt: Motivational strategies are among the most promising approaches to improve the effectiveness of batterer intervention programs (BIPs). An individualized motivational plan (IMP) is one of these motivational strategies. The present study aimed to explore whether adding an IMP to a standard BIP improved the participant-facilitator working alliance and participants’ protherapeutic behaviors. To this end a randomized controlled trial was conducted. One hundred fifty-three men convicted of intimate partner violence were randomly assigned to either a standard BIP (control condition, n = 79) or a standard BIP plus IMP (experimental condition, n = 74). Working alliance (i.e., general working alliance, agreement, and bond) was assessed with the Working Alliance Inventory-Observer, short version. Protherapeutic behaviors (i.e., assumption of responsibility, participant role behavior, and group value) were assessed with the Observational Coding of Protherapeutic Group Behavior. Both working alliance and protherapeutic behaviors were assessed by an external observer early and late in intervention. Our results showed that both general working alliance and agreement and bond, were significantly higher in the standard BIP plus IMP intervention condition, both early and late in intervention. All protherapeutic behaviors were significantly higher in the standard BIP plus IMP early in intervention, and also late in intervention for assumption of responsibility and group value. Our findings have important practical implications as our results clearly showed that a motivational strategy tool such as the IMP improves key intervention processes (i.e., working alliance and protherapeutic behaviors) in BIPs, therefore increasing their effectiveness.
Schlagwörter:Experiment; Gewalt gegen Frauen; Gewaltforschung; Interventionsprogramm für Gewalttäter; intimate partner violence; Kontrollgruppen; Partnerschaftsgewalt; randomized control trial; violence against women
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Finding the Strength to Heal: Understanding Recovery After Gender-Based Violence
Autor/in:
Sinko, Laura; Saint Arnault, Denise
Quelle: Violence against women, 26 (2020) 12, S 1616–1635
Details
Inhalt: Little research has focused on the trauma healing processes of gender-based violence (GBV) survivors, with most research focusing on adverse outcomes. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to explore the nature of GBV healing through survivor narratives. Our analysis revealed important barriers and facilitators of trauma healing. Social context was discovered to have a powerful influence over both barriers and facilitators. Analysis of the nature of healing revealed three main objectives: reconnecting with the self, others, and the world. This information can be utilized by clinicians to create safer, more empowering, healing spaces for survivors.
Schlagwörter:gender-based violence; sexual violence; survivor experience; trauma
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Intimate Partner Violence against Women in the EU: A Multilevel Analysis of the Contextual and Individual Impact on Public Perceptions
Autor/in:
Karlsson, Matilda; Wemrell, Maria; Merlo, Juan; Ivert, Anna-Karin
Quelle: Women & Criminal Justice, (2020) , S 1–14
Details
Inhalt: Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) poses severe threats to women's health and rights. This study investigates the role of country context and gender equality in shaping individual perceptions of the severity of IPVAW. Multilevel logistic regression analyses of a Eurobarometer survey on attitudes toward IPVAW from 27 EU states showed that male gender, young age, low education, low self-assessed social position and particularly perceiving IPVAW as uncommon were associated with perceiving IPVAW as less severe. The likelihood of perceiving IPVAW as less severe was higher in countries with low gender equality. Between-country variance accounted for 14% of the variability, while country-level gender equality accounted for 22% of the between-country variance. We conclude that efforts toward strengthening perceptions of IPVAW as a severe issue should focus on awareness-raising and on increasing country-level gender equality.
Schlagwörter:cross-cultural comparison; gender equality; intimate partner violence; violence against women
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
The Intersection of Gender Identity and Violence: : Victimization Experienced by Transgender College Students
Autor/in:
Griner, Stacey B.; Vamos, Cheryl A.; Thompson, Erika L.; Logan, Rachel; Vázquez-Otero, Coralia; Daley, Ellen M.
Quelle: Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35 (2020) 23-24, S 5704–5725
Details
Inhalt: College students disproportionately experience victimization, stalking, and relationship violence when compared with other groups. Few studies explore victimization by the gender identity of college students, including those who identify as transgender. The purpose of this study is to explore the rates of violence experienced by transgender students compared with male and female college students. This study utilized the National College Health Assessment-II (NCHA-II) and included data from students (n = 82,538) across fall 2011, 2012, and 2013. Bivariate statistics and binary logistic regression were conducted to test the relationships between gender identity and victimization. Transgender students (n = 204) were compared with male (n = 27,322) and female (n = 55,012) students. After adjusting for individual factors, transgender students had higher odds of experiencing all nine types of violence when compared with males and higher odds of experiencing eight types of violence than females. Transgender students experienced the highest odds in crimes involving sexual victimization, including attempted sexual penetration (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 9.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [6.17, 14.59], d = 1.00), sexual penetration without consent (aOR: 9.06, 95% CI = [5.64, 14.53], d = 0.94), and being in a sexually abusive relationship (aOR: 6.48, 95% CI = [4.01, 10.49], d = 0.48), than did male students. Findings reveal increased odds of victimization among transgender students when compared with male and female students. Results demonstrate the need for more comprehensive violence prevention efforts in college settings.
Schlagwörter:gender identity; gender-based violence; higher education; sexual violence; Transgeschlechtlichkeit
CEWS Kategorie:Diversity, Hochschulen, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Forced sex among youth: accrual of risk by gender identity, sexual orientation, mental health and bullying
Autor/in:
Atteberry-Ash, Brittanie; Walls, N. Eugene; Kattari, Shanna K.; Peitzmeier, Sarah M.; Kattari, Leo; Langenderfer-Magruder, Lisa
Quelle: Journal of LGBT Youth, 17 (2020) 2, S 193–213
Details
Inhalt: Forced sex is a major issue experienced by individuals of all ages, genders, and sexual orientations. Little is known about how LGBQ, transgender, and non-binary young people experience sexual violence. This study examines experiences of forced sex, exploring the intersection of sexual orientation and gender identity, as well as how other socio-demographic and mental health variables are related to differential risk of forced sex. Young people who experience sexual orientation and gender identity marginalization were at elevated risk for experiencing sexual violence. Forced sex was also associated with negative mental health outcomes and bullying victimization. More inclusive sexual violence prevention and support programing for young people and methodological improvements in the way we examine sexual orientation and gender identity in research are needed.
Schlagwörter:cisgenderism; GBV; gender identity; LGBTQ; sexual assault; sexual orientation; Transgender; youth
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
#MedToo: A Large-Scale Examination of the Incidence and Impact of Sexual Harassment of Physicians and Other Faculty at an Academic Medical Center
Autor/in:
Vargas, Emily A.; Brassel, Sheila T.; Cortina, Lilia M.; Settles, Isis H.; Johnson, Timothy R. B.; Jagsi, Reshma
Quelle: Journal of Women's Health 29 (1), S. 13–20, (2020, zuerst veröffentlicht online 2019)
Details
Inhalt: Background: A landmark National Academies report highlighted the need for rigorous evaluation of sexual harassment in medicine. We examined the prevalence and impact of sexual harassment using the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire, the standard for measurement of sexual harassment, but which has not been previously applied within academic medicine. Materials and Methods: A 20-minute online survey was administered to all faculty who had been working at University of Michigan Medical School for at least 1 year (n = 2723). We assessed sexual harassment within the past year from insiders (i.e., from staff, students, and faculty) and from patients and patients' families. We also evaluated mental health, job satisfaction, sense of safety at work, and turnover intentions. Results: In the final sample (n = 705; which included 25.9% of the originally targeted population), most respondents, 82.5% of women and 65.1% of men, reported at least one incident of sexual harassment from insiders in the past year; 64.4% of women and 44.1% of men reported harassment from patients and patients' families. The most frequently experienced dimension of sexual harassment for women and men was sexist gender harassment. Increased experiences of harassment were independently associated with lower mental health, job satisfaction, and sense of safety at work, as well as increased turnover intentions, with no significant interactions by gender. Conclusions: Sexual harassment against medical faculty is alarmingly common at an institution that is not expected to be atypical. Interventions must address sexual harassment, which affects mental health and career outcomes of male and female physicians.
Schlagwörter:career outcomes; medicine; Medizin; mental health; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung
CEWS Kategorie:Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz