Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to
raise fertility? : the first "NO"
Autor/in:
Philipov, Dimiter
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 201-216
Inhalt: "This paper takes the 'no' side in the debate on the question posed in the title.
The paper assumes that the dual-earner/ dual-carer household model is the most likely
aim of policies that push aggressively for gender equality in order to raise fertility.
Five objections are discussed: the model does not necessarily lead to a fertility
increase; aggressiveness will lead to an imbalance of labor supply and demand, and
is likely to confront slowly changing cultural norms; similar policies will also confront
the issue of innate gender differences; and country idiosyncrasies prevent the application
of a unified policy approach. The paper briefly concludes that compatible gender-neutral
family policies and fertility-neutral gender policies are likely to lead to an increase
in fertility." (author's abstract)|
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to
raise fertility? : the second "YES"
Autor/in:
Oláh, Livia Sz.
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 217-224
Inhalt: "This paper is based on the authoress's contribution to a debate, organized by MPIDR,
on the question displayed in the title above. She was asked to present arguments for
the 'yes'-response (together with Laurent Toulemon, and arguing against the 'no'-side
represented by Gerda Neyer and Dimiter Philipov). As pointed out in the paper, the
most important theoretical reasoning relevant for this question is the gender equity
theory. A number of studies provide sound empirical support to it, as discussed in
the paper in details, and thereby also a rationale for a positive impact of increased
gender equality on fertility. As the dual-earner family is here to stay, and given
the well-known negative consequences of long-term very low fertility for a society,
pushing for gender equality seems to be a reasonable strategy to be considered aiming
for sustainable societal development." (author's abstract)|
Der Einfluss sozialer Herkunft auf den Studienverlauf und das Übertrittsverhalten von Bachelorstudierenden
Titelübersetzung:Master degree for everyone? : the impact of social origin on bachelor students' qualifications and their transition rates to master programs
Autor/in:
Auspurg, Katrin; Hinz, Thomas
Quelle: Soziale Welt : Zeitschrift für sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung und Praxis, Jg. 62 (2011) H. 1, S. 75-99
Inhalt: "Der Bologna-Prozess hat mit der neuen Struktur von Bachelor- und Masterprogrammen das deutsche Hochschulsystem maßgeblich verändert. Obwohl eine Begabtenauslese für das Masterstudium angestrebt war, fallen die Übergangsquoten bundesweit sehr hoch aus. Vorliegende Studie untersucht erstmalig das Übertrittsverhalten in ein Masterstudium und seine Determinanten für knapp 700 Bachelorabsolventen einer deutschen Universität. Es werden verschiedene Thesen zur sozialen Selektivität und zur Bedeutung des Geschlechts getestet. Etwa drei Viertel der Bachelorabsolventen beginnen unmittelbar nach Studienende ein Masterprogramm. Im Ergebnis der multivariaten Analyse bestätigt sich hierbei ein Effekt des Bildungsniveaus im Elternhaus: Absolventen aus Akademikerfamilien haben eine um neun Prozentpunkte höhere direkte Übertrittsrate in den Master als andere Absolventen. Primäre Herkunftseffekte in Form unterschiedlicher Abschlussnoten können nicht belegt werden, allerdings gibt es Hinweise darauf, dass Absolventen aus bildungsfernen Elternhäusern in geringerem Ausmaß Zusatzqualifikationen wie Auslandsaufenthalte und studienbezogene Praktika aufweisen. Die geringere Übertrittsquote von Frauen klärt sich durch die Segregation nach Studienfächern vollständig auf." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "In the course of the 'Bologna process', the German system of higher education was significantly restructured by introducing bachelor and master degrees. Although a selection of the best bachelor graduates to enter master programs was intended the transition rates are at a very high level in general. This study focuses for the first time in detail on the transition behavior of nearly 700 bachelor graduates of a German university. Several hypotheses on social selection processes and on the role of gender are tested. Approximately three of four bachelor graduates enter a master program directly after completing their bachelor degree. Multivariate analyses confirm that the educational background of the graduates is influential: There is a nine percentage point difference in the transition rates of graduates from a lower educational family background compared to graduates with at least one parent with a university degree. Primary effects of social background as differences in grades are not detected, however there is evidence that graduates from a lower educational family background do not acquire additional elements of qualification as participation in exchange programs with universities abroad and internships closely related to their field of study. The lower transition of female graduates is completely explained by sex segregation of fields of study." (author's abstract)
CEWS Kategorie:Demographie und Bevölkerungsfragen, Studium und Studierende
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Gender equality and fertility intentions revisited evidence from Finland
Titelübersetzung:Gleichstellung der Geschlechter und Fruchtbarkeitsabsichten, korrigierte Ergebnisse aus Finnland
Autor/in:
Miettinen, Anneli; Basten, Stuart; Rotkirch, Anna
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 469-496
Inhalt: "Stimulated by the recent debate on gender roles and men's fertility behavior (Puur et al. 2008; Westoff and Higgins 2009; Goldscheider, Oláh and Puur 2010), the authors present evidence from Finland as a country well into the second phase of the so-called gender revolution. They examine how gender role attitudes relate to childbearing intentions at the onset of family life, intentions to have many (3 or more) children, and high personal fertility ideals among low-parity men and women. Gender equality attitudes are measured for both the public and the domestic sphere and the influence of work and family orientation is controlled for. Finding signs of a U-shaped association among men, the authors conclude that both traditional and egalitarian attitudes raise men's expected fertility compared to men with intermediate gender attitudes and independently of family values. Among Finnish women the impact of gender attitudes is smaller and more ambiguous." (author's abstract)
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility? : the first "YES"
Titelübersetzung:Sollen die Regierungen in Europa mehr für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter tun, um die Fruchtbarkeit zu erhöhen? : die Antwort ist "ja"
Autor/in:
Toulemon, Laurent
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 179-200
Inhalt: "Together with three colleagues, the author has been asked by the MPIDR to debate the following question: 'Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility?' Setting aside the 'lighthearted' side of this 'Rostocker Debate', (12 minutes for each speech, one minute for each comment), the author saws this as a good opportunity to think about the stakes behind the question. In order to address this complex issue, it is necessary to think about the many 'preliminary questions' that we have to ponder before responding: Why should fertility be raised? Are political measures legitimate? Are they efficient? On what basis are we qualified to give 'expert' opinions on such a topic? When the question comes to the fore, we as scholars are sometimes asked to provide an answer. It would, of course, be more comfortable not to answer, but our interlocutors (politicians, journalists, teachers, and also funding agencies) often want a definite response one way or the other. Even though our position may be a matter of politics as well as a matter of science, we must give an answer. The empirical evidence shows that European countries where gender inequality is lower are also the countries where fertility is the highest. This is the evidence-based response that we can give to that question. European countries need to find a new equilibrium after the end of the baby boom period, when gender equality was very low. In all countries, the empowerment of women is underway, thanks to the economic independence given by work-related income. Increasing gender equality is an efficient way to reduce the opportunity costs of having and raising children, and thus to increase fertility. Finally, 'pushing for gender equality' may have many positive effects other than raising fertility, and has few negative side effects. Gender equality is thus a convenient political aim per se; an institutional goal which leaves many political questions open. So, yes, we agree that governments in Europe should be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility!" (author's abstract)
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility? : the first "NO"
Titelübersetzung:Sollen die Regierungen in Europa mehr für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter tun, um die Fruchtbarkeit zu erhöhen? : die Antwort ist "nein"
Autor/in:
Philipov, Dimiter
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 201-216
Inhalt: "This paper takes the 'no' side in the debate on the question posed in the title. The paper assumes that the dual-earner/ dual-carer household model is the most likely aim of policies that push aggressively for gender equality in order to raise fertility. Five objections are discussed: the model does not necessarily lead to a fertility increase; aggressiveness will lead to an imbalance of labor supply and demand, and is likely to confront slowly changing cultural norms; similar policies will also confront the issue of innate gender differences; and country idiosyncrasies prevent the application of a unified policy approach. The paper briefly concludes that compatible gender-neutral family policies and fertility-neutral gender policies are likely to lead to an increase in fertility." (author's abstract)
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility? : the second "YES"
Titelübersetzung:Sollen Regierungen in Europa mehr für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter tun, um die Fruchtbarkeit zu erhöhen? : das zweite "Ja"
Autor/in:
Oláh, Livia Sz.
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 217-224
Inhalt: "This paper is based on the authoress's contribution to a debate, organized by MPIDR, on the question displayed in the title above. She was asked to present arguments for the 'yes'-response (together with Laurent Toulemon, and arguing against the 'no'-side represented by Gerda Neyer and Dimiter Philipov). As pointed out in the paper, the most important theoretical reasoning relevant for this question is the gender equity theory. A number of studies provide sound empirical support to it, as discussed in the paper in details, and thereby also a rationale for a positive impact of increased gender equality on fertility. As the dual-earner family is here to stay, and given the well-known negative consequences of long-term very low fertility for a society, pushing for gender equality seems to be a reasonable strategy to be considered aiming for sustainable societal development." (author's abstract)
Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility? : the second "NO"
Titelübersetzung:Sollen die Regierungen in Europa mehr für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter tun, um die Fruchtbarkeit zu erhöhen? : das zweite "Nein"
Autor/in:
Neyer, Gerda
Quelle: Demographic Research, Vol. 24 (2011) , S. 225-250
Inhalt: "This paper argues against the suggestion that governments should push for gender equality more aggressively in order to raise fertility. The paper presents a threefold 'no' to this proposal. It takes issue with the goal of raising fertility, arguing that the claims that fertility must be increased are based on myths. It rejects a more aggressive pursuit of gender equality for demographic purposes, maintaining that this method preserves inequality. It warns against using gender equality for fertility purposes, stating that this narrows the realm of gender equality. The paper is based on a debate held at the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research in Rostock, at which the author was asked to argue against the gender equality-fertility proposal. The other participants in the debate were Laurent Toulemon ('yes'), Dimiter Philipov ('no'), and Livia Oláh ('yes')." (author's abstract)
Frauen und Männer im Alter : Fakten und Empfehlungen zur Gleichstellung
Titelübersetzung:Women and men during old age : facts and recommendations relating to affirmative action
Autor/in:
Oesterreich, Detlef; Schulze, Eva
Quelle: Berlin: Ed. Sigma, 2011. 99 S.
Inhalt: "Geschlechtergleichstellung und Alter sind beide seit langem zentrale Themen der öffentlichen wie der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion. Die Kombination beider Stränge - die Thematik Gleichstellung im Alter - wurde hingegen bisher wenig beachtet. Die Autoren legen in diesem Buch erstmalig eine zusammenfassende Analyse der bislang nur verstreut vorliegenden empirischen Erkenntnisse zum Geschlechterverhältnis älterer Menschen vor. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass infolge gesellschaftlich geprägter Lebensverläufe die Stereotypisierungen und Rollenzuweisungen im höheren Lebensalter fortbestehen; an der lebenslangen Benachteiligung von Frauen ändert sich kaum etwas. Die Studie geht der Frage nach, wie im Einzelnen sich die Ungleichheit von Frauen und Männern im Alter fortsetzt. In welchen Lebensbereichen werden Differenzen eher noch größer, in welchen gibt es dagegen eher eine Angleichung der Geschlechter? Sind Veränderungen zu erwarten, wenn anders sozialisierte Menschen die künftige ältere Generation stellen werden? Das Buch fragt schließlich nach den Möglichkeiten, durch praktische Politik Veränderungen auch im Alter zu bewirken oder zumindest anzustoßen, und fasst Empfehlungen hierzu zusammen." (Autorenreferat)
CEWS Kategorie:Demographie und Bevölkerungsfragen, Geschlechterverhältnis
Dokumenttyp:Monographie
Eltern und Zeit für Kinder
Titelübersetzung:Parents and time for children
Autor/in:
Bertram, Hans
Quelle: Fragt die Eltern!: Ravensburger Elternsurvey Elterliches Wohlbefinden in Deutschland. Hans Bertram (Hrsg.), Katharina C. Spieß (Hrsg.). Baden-Baden: Nomos Verl.-Ges., 2011, S. 45-59
Inhalt: Der Autor diskutiert Befunde aus dem Ravensburger Elternsurvey (2009), der das elterliche Wohlbefinden in Ehen, eheähnlichen Lebensgemeinschaften und bei Alleinerziehenden mit Kindern unter sechs Jahren erforscht. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wendet sich der Verfasser im ersten Abschnitt dem Betreuungsaufwand von Vätern und Mütter in den drei Lebensformen zu, in Abhängigkeit zu den Faktoren Ausbildung, Wohnort, Einkommen, Geschlecht und Berufsposition. Zweitens stellt der Autor Ergebnisse des Surveys bezüglich der Wertvorstellungen bei Vätern und Müttern in Hinsicht auf die Kinderbetreuung vor. Hier sind als Faktoren Erziehungsstil, die Rolle der Ehe für die Entwicklung der Kinder sowie Berufs- vs. Kinderorientierung wirksam. Es wird deutlich, dass unter den Eltern weitgehend Einigkeit besteht, dass Kinder unter drei Jahren vorwiegend von der Mutter betreut werden sollen. Als wichtigster Faktor wirkt in diesem Zusammenhang die väterliche Berufsorientierung, woraus folgt, dass eine Angleichung der Einstellungen von Vätern und Mütter von Kleinkindern nur dann erfolgen kann, wenn sich die Berufsorientierung der Männer abschwächt. Bei Müttern spielen mehrere Faktoren eine Rolle, wie Beruf und Familie zu vereinbaren sind: eigene Erwerbstätigkeit, gewählte Lebensform sowie eigene Berufsorientierung. (ICB)