Do Austrian Men and Women Become more Equal? At Least in Terms of Labor Supply!
Autor/in:
Wernhart, Georg; Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf
Quelle: Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung an der Universität Wien; Wien (Working Paper / Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung, 71), 2008. 15 S
Inhalt: Similar to most industrialized countries, female labor supply in Austria has been increasing for the last decades, while labor force participation for men has been constant or even somewhat declining. This working paper - in cooperation with the University of Linz - provides an insight into wage elasticities concerning work participation and weekly hours for Austrian men and women between 1987 and 1999. It presents the almost continuous reduction in the labor supply reactions of married women. While their elasticity was still several times larger at the beginning of the 1980s, they approached rapidly the much less elastic behavior of men. These developments are important for the analysis of deadweight losses of taxation as well as the effects of tax reforms and wage subsidy programs. In this paper we differentiate between married and never-married women; which is very important in explaining labour force participation. As these differences are negligible for men we refrain from this distinction. Labor supply elasticities give an impression about attachment to the labor force; very high elasticities of (married) women have often been interpreted as evidence for low labor force attachment and a traditional family role model: the male bread-winner model where female market participation was considered as supplementary and more volatile. Due to increasing educational attainment of women, developments on the marriage market - lower marriage and higher divorce rates - and most importantly changing social roles and norms, it can be expected that this traditional male-breadwinner model will have considerably lost its importance.
Schlagwörter:Gleichberechtigung; equality of rights; Mann; man; woman; Arbeitskräfte; manpower; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Lohnunterschied; wage difference; Lohn; wage; Heirat; wedding; Arbeitsangebot; labor supply; Bildungsniveau; level of education; gender-specific factors; Rollenwandel; role change; Österreich; Austria
SSOAR Kategorie:Arbeitsmarktforschung, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Mentoring and segregation: female-led firms and gender wage policies
Titelübersetzung:Mentoring und Segregation: Unternehmen mit weiblicher Leitung und geschlechterbezogene Lohnpolitik
Autor/in:
Cardoso, Ana Rute; Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf
Quelle: Bonn (Discussion Paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH, No. 3210), 2007. 26 S.
Inhalt: "We explore the impact of mentoring of females and gender segregation on wages using a large longitudinal data set for Portugal. Female managers can protect and mentor female employees by paying them higher wages than male-led firms would do. We find that females can enjoy higher wages in female-led firms, the opposite being true for males. In both cases is a higher share of females reducing the wage level. These results are compatible with a theory where job promotion is an important factor of wage increases: if more females are to be mentored, less promotion slots are available for males, but also the expected chance of a female to be promoted is lower." (author's abstract)
Market orientation and gender wage gaps : an international study
Titelübersetzung:Marktorientierung und Lohnunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern : eine internationale Studie
Autor/in:
Weichselbaumer, Doris; Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf; Zweimüller, Martina
Quelle: Wien (Reihe Ökonomie / Institut für Höhere Studien, Abt. Ökonomie und Finanzwirtschaft, 217), 2007. 28 S.
Inhalt: "Two very different approaches are used to explore the relation between market orientation and gender wage differentials in international data. More market orientation might be related to gender wage gaps via its effects on competition in product and labor markets and the general absence of regulation in the economy. The first approach employs meta-analysis data and takes advantage of the fact that many studies already exist which use national data sources to the best possible extent. The second approach uses comparable micro data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), which allows calculating internationally consistent gender wage residuals in the first place. By comparing these two very different methods of data collection we get a robust result relating higher levels of market orientation as proxied by the Economic Freedom Index with lower gender wage gaps." (author's abstract)
Rhetoric in economic research : the case of gender wage differentials
Titelübersetzung:Rhetorik in der Wirtschaftsforschung : der Fall geschlechtspezifischer Entlohnungsunterschiede
Autor/in:
Weichselbaumer, Doris; Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf
Quelle: Bonn (Discussion Paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH, 905), 2003. 26 S.; 300 KB
Inhalt: Rhetorik in der Wissenschaft kann einen profunden Effekt auf die Wahrnehmung von Forschungsergebnissen haben; sie kann auch zukünftige Forschungsanstrengungen initiieren und dirigieren. Welche Faktoren entscheiden, ob Forschungsergebnisse neutral oder wertgeladen diskutiert werden? Wie präzise und überzeugend müssen Ergebnisse sein, damit Wissenschaftler eine signifikante Politikänderung fordern können? Solche Fragen sind im Allgemeinen schwierig zu beantworten, da Rhetorik einerseits und Inhalt und Methode von Forschungsberichten andererseits nicht leicht voneinander zu trennen sind. Die Verfasser gehen der Problematik auf empirischer Basis nach, wobei die Analyse geschlechtsspezifischer Lohnunterschiede als Beispiel dient. Ein Standardansatz beim Vergleich von Einkommen von Männern und Frauen ist die Blinder-Oaxaca Dekomposition, wobei die Produktivität konstant gehalten wird. Anhand von fast 200 wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen wird der Frage nachgegangen, was deren Verfasser dazu bringt, von "Diskriminierung" zu sprechen, ob und wann sie nach politischen Eingriffen rufen und wann sie hiermit zurückhaltender sind. Weiter wird untersucht, ob die eingesetzte Rhetorik Vorurteile eines Verfasser in dieser Frage enthüllt, die sich auch in der Datenauswahl und dabei in den Ergebnissen niederschlagen können. (ICEÜbers)
Inhalt: "Scientific rhetoric can have a profound impact on the perception of research; it can also drive and direct further research efforts. What determines whether results are discussed in a neutral or a judgmental way? How precise and convincing must results be so that authors call for significant policy changes? These questions are in general difficult to answer, because rhetoric on the one hand, and content and methodology of the paper on the other, cannot be separated easily. We, therefore, use a unique example to examine this question empirically: the analysis of gender wage differentials. Here, the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition represents a standard research method that compares male and female earnings, holding productivity constant. We analyze close to 200 papers to investigate what drives authors to talk about 'discrimination', whether and when they call for policy activism or when they are more hesitant to do so. Furthermore, we examine whether the rhetoric used really reveals an author's prejudice on the topic which may also be reflected in data selection and thereby his or her findings." (author's abstract)
The effects of competition and equal treatment laws on the gender wage differential
Titelübersetzung:Die Auswirkungen von Wettbewerb und Gleichstellungsgesetzen auf geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
Autor/in:
Weichselbaumer, Doris; Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf
Quelle: Bonn (Discussion Paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH, 822), 2003. 26 S.; 594 KB
Inhalt: Die Verfasser untersuchen den Einfluss wirtschaftlicher und rechtlicher Variablen auf Lohnunterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen. Seit Becker (1957) sind Wirtschaftswissenschaftler der Auffassung, dass Wettbewerbsmärkte langfristig Diskriminierung beseitigen. Andererseits haben fast alle Staaten die Gleichstellung von Männern und Frauen gesetzlich festgeschrieben. Diese Untersuchung basiert auf einem neuen internationalen Datensatz zu geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschieden, der Ergebnis einer Metaanalyse vorliegender Studien ist. Sie zeigt, dass sowohl eine Intensivierung des Wettbewerbs als auch Gleichstellungsgesetze geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede reduzieren. (ICEÜbers)
Inhalt: "This paper evaluates the impact of economic and legal variables on wage differentials between men and women. Since Becker (1957) economists have argued that competitive markets eliminate discrimination in the long run. On the other hand, practically all countries have enacted some sort of law mandating equal treatment of men and women. This paper uses a new international data set on the gender wage gap, which is constructed via a metaanalysis of existing studies. The findings show that both increased competition and the enactment of equal treatment laws reduce the gender wage gap." (author's abstract)