Zeit-Nischen oder Familienzeit? Väter und der Umgang mit den Widersprüchen flexibler Arbeitsformen
Titelübersetzung:Time niches or family time? How fathers deal with the contradictions inherent in flexible working arrangements
Autor/in:
Liebig, Brigitte; Peitz, Martina
Quelle: GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 10 (2018) 1, S 151-166
Inhalt: Flexible Arbeitsmodelle gewinnen heute an Bedeutung - ebenso wie die Vorstellung einer "involvierten" Vaterschaft. Hinsichtlich der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie erweisen sich flexible Formen der Arbeit für Väter jedoch als ambivalent: Einerseits bieten sie Vätern neue Spielräume, andererseits stehen sie für problematische Trends der Arbeitsverdichtung, denen insbesondere Männer aufgrund traditioneller Arbeitsnormen ausgeliefert sind. Dieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie Väter die Widersprüche flexibler Arbeitsmodelle im Kontext von Vereinbarkeitsansprüchen handhaben. Empirische Grundlage bilden problemzentrierte Interviews mit 32 Vätern aus familienfreundlichen Unternehmen und Verwaltungen der Schweiz. Die Resultate zeigen, dass flexible Arbeitsmodelle Vaterschaftspraxen nur auf symbolischer Ebene verändern, wenn sie von traditionellen Vorstellungen von Männlichkeit und Familie begleitet sind. Erst verknüpft mit partnerschaftlich-egalitären Vorstellungen und unterstützt von einer Arbeitskultur, welche der Sorgeverantwortung von Vätern ausdrücklich Rechnung trägt, können flexible Arbeitsformen auch bei Vätern zu einem Mehr an Familienzeit im Sinne einer gleichberechtigt(er)en Teilhabe an der Kindererziehung führen.
Inhalt: Flexible working arrangements are gaining importance today, as is the idea of "involved" fatherhood. However, flexible forms of work are ambivalent when it comes to fathers’ ability to reconcile work and family life: On the one hand, they offer fathers new opportunities; on the other hand, they represent problematic trends as regards work intensification, to which men in particular are exposed due to traditional norms at the workplace. This article examines how fathers deal with the contradictions inherent in flexible working arrangements, and in the context of claims about reconciling family life and work. The analysis starts from problem-centred interviews with 32 fathers in family-friendly businesses and public administrations in Switzerland. The results show that flexible working models transform fatherhood practices only superficially if they are framed by traditional notions of masculinity and family. It is only in combination with egalitarian ideas and supported by a working culture, which values fathers’ care responsibilities that flexible forms of work can help increase fathers’ family time in the sense of leading to their equal involvement in parenting.
Schlagwörter:Vaterschaft; fatherhood; Arbeitsorganisation; work organization; Arbeitszeitflexibilität; working time flexibility; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Familienarbeit; family work; gender-specific factors; Rollenverständnis; role conception; Arbeitskultur; work culture; Schweiz; Switzerland; flexible Arbeitsmodelle; Vereinbarkeit; Zeitnormen; Sorgearbeit
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Simply the Best!? - Kulturelle Einflussfaktoren zum "intensive mothering" bei Müttern von Kleinkindern in Deutschland
Titelübersetzung:Simply the Best!? - The impact of cultural factors on "intensive mothering" among mothers of toddlers in Germany
Autor/in:
Diabaté, Sabine; Beringer, Samira
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 30 (2018) 3, S 293-315
Inhalt: Obwohl sich junge Paare oft eine egalitäre Aufteilung der Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit wünschen, ändert sich dies nach der Familiengründung häufig. Neben ökonomischen Gründen können auch kulturelle Vorstellungen von einer "guten Mutter" diesen Effekt mitverursachen. Im Beitrag wird untersucht, wie Mütter von Kleinkindern zum "intensive mothering" stehen und dieses leben. Darunter versteht man ein Ideal, welches das Kind (und dessen Betreuung) als höchste Priorität der Frau definiert. Es werden die Daten der Leitbildstudie verwendet und in einer logistischen Regression analysiert, wer das "intensive mothering" befürwortet. Es zeigt sich u.a., dass dies insbesondere bei westdeutschen und religiösen Müttern der Fall ist. In Strukturgleichungsmodellen wird dargestellt, wie diese Disposition das Verhalten begünstigt. Die Überzeugung, als Mutter die beste Betreuung zu sein, hat keinen direkten Einfluss auf die tatsächliche Betreuung, sondern wirkt indirekt durch das Misstrauen gegenüber der Fremdbetreuung. Ostdeutsche oder höher gebildete Mütter betreuen ihre Kinder seltener selbst. Historisch gewachsene Normen, verstärkt durch intergenerationale Transmission, erklären den persistierenden Ost-West-Unterschied.
Schlagwörter:Mutterschaft; motherhood; Kleinkind; infant; Kinderbetreuung; child care; Familienarbeit; family work; Rollenbild; role image; Selbstbild; self-image; Leitbild; example; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; kulturelle Faktoren; cultural factors; Ost-West-Vergleich; east-west comparison; alte Bundesländer; old federal states; neue Bundesländer; New Federal States; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Caring, Cooking, Cleaning - repräsentative Zeitverwendungsmuster von Eltern in Paarbeziehungen
Titelübersetzung:Caring, cooking, cleaning - representative time use patterns in two-parent households
Autor/in:
Klünder, Nina; Meier-Gräwe, Uta
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 30 (2018) 1, S 9-28
Inhalt: Vor dem Hintergrund der steigenden Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern geht dieser Beitrag der Frage nach, wie Eltern in Paarbeziehungen die Haushaltsbereiche Betreuung, Beköstigung sowie Wohnungs- und Wäschereinigung untereinander aufteilen. Dazu werden drei Paartypen mit unterschiedlichem Erwerbsumfang gebildet: Zweiverdiener-Paare, Paare mit weiblichem Zuverdienst sowie Paare mit männlichem Familienernährer. Deren Zeitverwendung für die genannten Tätigkeiten wird mithilfe der repräsentativen Zeitverwendungserhebung 2012/2013 und 2001/2002 sekundäranalytisch untersucht. Die Analyse zeigt, dass vollzeiterwerbstätige Mütter täglich am wenigsten Zeit für die drei genannten Arbeitsbereiche im Haushalt aufwenden, nicht erwerbstätige Mütter hingegen am meisten. Innerhalb einer Dekade - von 2001/2002 bis 2012/2013 - haben alle untersuchten Mütter ihre Zeitverwendung für hauswirtschaftliche Tätigkeitsfelder reduziert, zeitgleich nehmen sich Eltern 2012/2013 deutlich mehr Zeit für Betreuungsaufgaben. Unabhängig des Erwerbsumfangs der Mutter ist die Arbeit des Alltags nach wie vor, besonders werktags, weiblich konnotiert und somit geschlechtsdifferenzierend aufgeteilt. Nur am Wochenende zeigt sich in Paaren mit erwerbstätiger Mutter bei der Betreuung eine annährend egalitäre Arbeitsteilung.
Inhalt: As a result of the increasing labor force participation of mothers, this article questions how twoparent households divide the housework activities of caring, cooking and cleaning. Therefore three types of couples with different labor force participations were formed: Dual-earner couples, couples with additional female income and malebreadwinner couples. The time use for the mentioned activities was examined with a secondary analysis based on the German representative time use surveys of 2012/2013 and 2001/2002. The analysis showed that fulltime mothers spent the lowest amount of time for caring, cooking and cleaning. However, unemployed mothers spent the most time for these activities. Within a decade - from 2001/2002 to 2012/2013 - all mothers have reduced their time spent on household activities. Meanwhile, all parents in 2012/2013 take noticeably more time for child care. Regardless of the mother’s labor force participation, mothers still spent more time for caring, cooking and cleaning, especially on weekdays. Additionally, the everyday housework is divided by gender. Only on weekends, couples with employed mothers shared the care-work almost egalitarian.
Schlagwörter:Zeitverwendung; time budgeting; Elternschaft; parenthood; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Betreuung; care; Hausarbeit; housework; Familienarbeit; family work; Zeitaufwand; time expenditure; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; gender-specific factors; Erwerbsphase; working life; Mutter; mother; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Federal Republic of Germany
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 30 (2018) 1, S 96-119
Inhalt: Educational expansion, the massive increase of women’s labor force participation, and assortative mating have reduced asymmetries in educational achievements and in career resources between women and men in virtually every Western society. This paper provides an analysis of the association between partners' education, parenthood, and spouses' relative labor supply in East and West Germany. Education is considered from two angles: as an indicator for resources on the labor market or as an indicator for gender attitudes. We apply cross-sectional data from the 2011 German Microcensus, comprising 57,366 couple households. For our estimations, we use General Linear Models. Because of high case numbers, we are able to estimate several interaction effects in statistical powerful detail. We find that (1) a woman's share of paid work is higher, the higher she is educated; (2) women with higher education than their male partners realize higher shares of relative employment (in comparison to other women); (3) women rarely realize a share of 50% or higher on average in any educational composition; (4) especially young children have a huge impact on women's labor supply; and (5) women's comparative educational advantages are more important for their share of paid work in West than in East Germany. Neither interpretation of relative education can explain the overall picture of couples’ division of paid work alone. Depending on parenthood, the age of the youngest child in the household, and the regional context, either normative, or economic exchanges between partners seem to drive the association between relative education, and relative labor supply of women. We demonstrate the usefulness of two theoretical approaches of framing education as an explanatory concept.
Schlagwörter:Partnerschaft; partnership; Bildungsniveau; level of education; Erwerbsbeteiligung; labor force participation; Elternschaft; parenthood; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Frauenerwerbstätigkeit; women's employment; Familie; family; Federal Republic of Germany; alte Bundesländer; old federal states; neue Bundesländer; New Federal States
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Wie die Eltern, so die Kinder? Ähnlichkeiten in der Zeitverwendung auf bildungsnahe Aktivitäten
Titelübersetzung:Do children mirror their parents' time use? The case of educational activities
Autor/in:
Boll, Christina; Lagemann, Andreas
Quelle: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 30 (2018) 1, S 50-75
Inhalt: Dieser Beitrag erforscht die Zeitverwendung von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter von 10 bis 17 Jahren auf bildungsnahe Aktivitäten und beleuchtet dabei insbesondere die Rolle gleichartiger elterlicher Aktivitäten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sogenannte Spiegelkorrelationen der Zeitverwendung auch dann signifikant sind, wenn für die üblichen sozio-demografischen Merkmale der Kinder und der Eltern kontrolliert wird. Die multivariaten Analysen differenzieren zwischen sechs Aktivitätengruppen, die jeweils separat für die Kindesaltersgruppen 10-13 Jahre und 14-17 Jahre geschätzt werden. Bezüglich der einzelnen Aktivitäten finden wir spezifische Muster nach Geschlecht und Erwerbsstatus der Eltern sowie Unterschiede zwischen Werk- und Wochenendtagen. Die stärksten Korrelationen betreffen die Mediennutzung der Väter und Mütter. Für Väter kommen signifikante Assoziationen in den Bereichen Sport und Spiele, für Mütter in den Bereichen Kunst und Kultur hinzu.
Inhalt: This article explores the determinants of the time use of children aged 10 to 17 for educational activities, focusing in particular on the role of corresponding parental educational activities. Results show significant correlations even when the usual socio-demographic characteristics of children and parents are controlled for. Multivariate analyses differentiate between six activity groups which are separately estimated for children aged 10 to 13 and 14 to 17, respectively. We find specific patterns for parental gender and employment status. Moreover, associations vary between working days and weekend. Strongest mirror correlations are found for media-related activities, both for mothers and fathers. In addition, children's time use exhibits significant correlations to mothers' time use with respect to cultural activities and arts, and to fathers’ time use concerning sports and games.
Schlagwörter:Zeitverwendung; time budgeting; Eltern; parents; Kind; child; Jugendlicher; adolescent; informelles Lernen; informal learning; Freizeitbeschäftigung; recreational activity; gender-specific factors; demographische Faktoren; demographic factors; soziale Faktoren; social factors; Alltag; everyday life; Wochenende; weekend; Federal Republic of Germany; bildungsnahe Aktivitäten; Paarhaushalte; Spiegelkorrelationen
The Same Fertility Ideals as in the Country of Origin? A Study of the Personal Ideal Family Size among Immigrant Women in Italy
Autor/in:
Mussino, Eleonora; Ortensi, Livia Elisa
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 243-274
Inhalt: The role of the personal ideal family size for international migrants has rarely been studied in the current debate on fertility and migration in the European context. It is not known to which extent the reduction of fertility observed among immigrants who settle in a country where fertility is lower than in their country of origin is the result of a change in fertility norms among those immigrants. The study of migrants' ideals family size has the potential to shed light on fertility norms without the interference of economic conditions and migration-related disruptive phenomena. Due to the complexity of its migration context, Italy is an interesting destination country for studying changes in migrants' ideal family sizes. This paper uses data from the survey of the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) on immigrant families conducted in 2011-12. We compare the personal ideal family size of women of reproductive age with the prevalent norm in their country of origin, applying a multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results show that the country of origin has an important role in the determination of immigrants’ ideal family sizes. Women from countries where large families are the ideal are more likely to show a lower personal ideal family size compared to their non-migrant co-nationals, while women from countries where two children are considered ideal mostly share the same norm. The occurrence of fertility preferences expressed in a non-numeric form (e.g. "Up to God") changes between women with different countries of origin. This study confirms that conformity with the ideal of the country of origin is more likely among women who migrated as adults. At the same time, the number of years spent in the destination country is not significantly associated with a shift away from the norms prevalent in the country of origin. Finally, female empowerment and gender equity show their effects mainly on the reduction of non-numeric responses.
Schlagwörter:Migrant; migrant; woman; Italien; Italy; Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Kinderzahl; number of children; generatives Verhalten; reproductive behavior; Familiengröße; family size; Norm; standard; Tradition; tradition; Herkunftsland; country of origin; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Gleichberechtigung; equality of rights; sozioökonomische Faktoren; socioeconomic factors; Ideal number of children; Fertility; Migrants; Italy; Gender Norms
SSOAR Kategorie:Bevölkerung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Fertility Intentions across Immigrant Generations in Sweden: Do Patterns of Adaptation Differ by Gender and Origin?
Autor/in:
Carlsson, Erik
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 211-242
Inhalt: In being representative of individuals' demographic value orientations, fertility preferences provide information about immigrants' adaptation to family formation patterns in the destination country at a deeper, ideational level than actual fertility does. Using data from Wave 1 of the Swedish GGS from 2012/2013 (n=3,932), this study compares the first, 1.5, and second generations with either one or two foreign-born parent(s) to Swedes without an immigrant background by gender and across origins. Binary logistic regression is used to compare the propensity to state a positive fertility intention, and partial proportional odds models are used to analyse differences across four ordinal intention categories (definitely/probably yes/no). Results show a general tendency towards convergence from the relatively positive intentions of the first generation to levels closer to non-immigrants in later generations, although complete convergence is only found for the second generation with one foreign-born parent. There are gender differences, with women being similar to non-immigrants by the 1.5 generation, while there is no clear intergenerational trend for men. Among origin groups, convergence is evident among Eastern Europeans and "other non-Europeans", while Westerners already are similar to non-immigrants in the first generation, and Middle Easterners/North Africans display no clear intergenerational trend. This study contributes to the understanding of immigrant fertility by showing that there often is intergenerational adaptation at the ideational (i.e. preference) level, that the pace and extent of convergence vary by gender and across origins, and that group-level patterns found for fertility intentions do not always match those found in earlier research on fertility behaviour.
Schlagwörter:Migrant; migrant; Einwanderung; immigration; Schweden; Sweden; erste Generation; first generation; zweite Generation; second generation; Fruchtbarkeit; fertility; Familienplanung; family planning; generatives Verhalten; reproductive behavior; Familiengröße; family size; Präferenz; preference; Intention; intention; gender-specific factors; soziale Anpassung; social adjustment; Gender Survey
The Same Fertility Ideals as in the Country of Origin? A Study of the Personal Ideal Family Size among Immigrant Women in Italy
Autor/in:
Mussino, Eleonora; Ortensi, Livia Elisa
Quelle: Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018) , S 243-274
Inhalt: The role of the personal ideal family size for international migrants has rarely been studied in the current debate on fertility and migration in the European context. It is not known to which extent the reduction of fertility observed among immigrants who settle in a country where fertility is lower than in their country of origin is the result of a change in fertility norms among those immigrants. The study of migrants' ideals family size has the potential to shed light on fertility norms without the interference of economic conditions and migration-related disruptive phenomena. Due to the complexity of its migration context, Italy is an interesting destination country for studying changes in migrants' ideal family sizes. This paper uses data from the survey of the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) on immigrant families conducted in 2011-12. We compare the personal ideal family size of women of reproductive age with the prevalent norm in their country of origin, applying a multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results show that the country of origin has an important role in the determination of immigrants’ ideal family sizes. Women from countries where large families are the ideal are more likely to show a lower personal ideal family size compared to their non-migrant co-nationals, while women from countries where two children are considered ideal mostly share the same norm. The occurrence of fertility preferences expressed in a non-numeric form (e.g. "Up to God") changes between women with different countries of origin. This study confirms that conformity with the ideal of the country of origin is more likely among women who migrated as adults. At the same time, the number of years spent in the destination country is not significantly associated with a shift away from the norms prevalent in the country of origin. Finally, female empowerment and gender equity show their effects mainly on the reduction of non-numeric responses.
Schlagwörter:Italy; fertility; reproductive behavior; number of children; gender role; Migrant; Italien; sozioökonomische Faktoren; Geschlechtsrolle; Gleichberechtigung; country of origin; family size; Kinderzahl; Fruchtbarkeit; Tradition; Familiengröße; generatives Verhalten; Norm; migrant; Herkunftsland; standard; equality of rights; socioeconomic factors; woman; tradition; Ideal number of children; Fertility; Migrants; Italy; Gender Norms
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Bevölkerung