Do Hiring Practices Penalize Women and Benefit Men for Having Children? : Experimental Evidence from Germany
Autor/in:
Hipp, Lena
Quelle: European Sociological Review, 79 (2019) , 993 S
Inhalt: Mütter werden in Bewerbungsverfahren benachteiligt und seltener zu Vorstellungsgesprächen eingeladen als Frauen ohne Kinder. Väter werden hingegen ebenso häufig eingeladen wie Männer ohne Kinder. Das hat Lena Hipp vom Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) in einer gerade veröffentlichten Studie über die Jobchancen von Eltern und Menschen ohne Kinder herausgefunden. Um Diskriminierung zu verringern, fordert die Wissenschaftlerin eine gesetzliche Regelung, dass in Lebensläufen künftig private Informationen wie Elternschaft, Ehestand oder Religionszugehörigkeit nicht mehr erwähnt werden sollten.
Für die Studie wurden über 800 fiktive Bewerbungen auf reale Stellenangebote im Marketing- und Veranstaltungsbereich versandt. In diesem Berufsfeld arbeiten ungefähr gleich viele Frauen und Männer. Die Bewerberin bzw. der Bewerber unterschieden sich in ihrem Lebenslauf nur darin, dass die einen ein Kind im Alter von drei Jahren hatten und die anderen kinderlos waren.
Das Ergebnis der Studie zeigt die Diskriminierung von Frauen mit Kindern bei der Stellensuche: Mütter wurden deutlich seltener zu Vorstellungsgesprächen eingeladen als kinderlose Frauen. Sie mussten rund ein Drittel mehr Bewerbungen schreiben, um eine Einladung zu erhalten. Väter haben dagegen die gleichen Chancen, einen Job zu finden, wie kinderlose Männer. „Damit wird das Prinzip der gleichen Jobchancen von Männern und Frauen konterkariert“, sagt Lena Hipp. Für die WZB-Wissenschaftlerin gehören private und für den Job nicht relevante Informationen wie Elternschaft, Ehestand oder Religionszugehörigkeit, die in deutschen Bewerbungen häufig angegeben werden, nicht in den Lebenslauf. Eine entsprechende gesetzliche Regelung, diese Informationen wegzulassen, könnte die Diskriminierung von Müttern und anderen benachteiligten Gruppen verringern.
Schlagwörter:Bewerbung; Diskriminierung; Elternschaft; Geschlechterdiskriminierung; Mutter; Personalrekrutierung; quantitative Analyse; Vater
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Vereinbarkeit Familie-Beruf, Geschlechterverhältnis
The Role of Gender Regimes in Defining the Dimension, the Functioning and the Workforce Composition of Paid Domestic Work
Autor/in:
Giordano, Chiara
Quelle: Feminist Review, 122 (2019) 2, S 95–117
Inhalt: In light of recent developments that have occurred in the domestic sector in Europe and the debate on the externalisation of domestic and care activities, this article explores the impact of the gender regime on paid domestic work. The gender regime is defined here as the combination of two dimensions: gender equality outcomes and the ‘gender contract’. The aim is to investigate whether the gender regime can contribute to explaining cross-national similarities and differences, in terms of the size of the domestic sector, its workforce composition—with a focus on the proportion of women and migrants—and its working conditions. The article shows the results of quantitative analyses conducted at the European level, which include the construction of a typology of gender regimes, based on selected indicators, and a descriptive comparative analysis of the domestic sector at national level, based on data from the 2015 European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS). The findings suggest that the use of this typology of gender regimes can be a useful tool to explain cross-European differences in the domestic sector, but only regarding the size of the sector and the feminisation of the workforce. Concerning the proportion of migrants and working conditions in the domestic sector, no clear pattern emerges that can explain cross-national differences based on this typology
The Multiple Dimensions of Gender Stereotypes: A Current Look at Men's and Women's Characterizations of Others and Themselves
Autor/in:
Hentschel, Tanja; Heilman, Madeline E.; Peus, Claudia V.
Quelle: Front. Psychol. (Frontiers in Psychology), 10 (2019) , 11 S
Inhalt: We used a multi-dimensional framework to assess current stereotypes of men and women. Specifically, we sought to determine (1) how men and women are characterized by male and female raters, (2) how men and women characterize themselves, and (3) the degree of convergence between self-characterizations and charcterizations of one's gender group. In an experimental study, 628 U.S. male and female raters described men, women, or themselves on scales representing multiple dimensions of the two defining features of gender stereotypes, agency and communality: assertiveness, independence, instrumental competence, leadership competence (agency dimensions), and concern for others, sociability and emotional sensitivity (communality dimensions). Results indicated that stereotypes about communality persist and were equally prevalent for male and female raters, but agency characterizations were more complex. Male raters generally descibed women as being less agentic than men and as less agentic than female raters described them. However, female raters differentiated among agency dimensions and described women as less assertive than men but as equally independent and leadership competent. Both male and female raters rated men and women equally high on instrumental competence. Gender stereotypes were also evident in self-characterizations, with female raters rating themselves as less agentic than male raters and male raters rating themselves as less communal than female raters, although there were exceptions (no differences in instrumental competence, independence, and sociability self-ratings for men and women). Comparisons of self-ratings and ratings of men and women in general indicated that women tended to characterize themselves in more stereotypic terms - as less assertive and less competent in leadership - than they characterized others in their gender group. Men, in contrast, characterized themselves in less stereotypic terms - as more communal. Overall, our results show that a focus on facets of agency and communality can provide deeper insights about stereotype content than a focus on overall agency and communality.
Embedding occupational health and safety in the procurement and management of infrastructure projects: institutional logics at play in the context of new public management
Autor/in:
Lingard, Helen; Oswald, David; Le, Tiendung
Quelle: Construction Management and Economics, 37 (2019) 10, S 567–583
Inhalt: The research explored the approaches used by government agencies (as client organizations) to drive occupational health and safety (OHS) performance improvements in publicly funded infrastructure construction projects in Australia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 representatives of clients and contractors with direct and recent experience of delivering large public infrastructure projects. Interviews explored the procurement approaches taken, and the use of incentives and performance measurement. Data was subjected to inductive analysis to identify emergent concepts and themes relating to the way that New Public Management (NPM) influences the commercial management of infrastructure construction projects, with particular reference to OHS impacts. The concept of institutional logics was utilised as a theoretical frame to understand clients’ behaviour in the commercial management of infrastructure projects. Client behaviour was consistent with elements of NPM and reflected a managerialist logic in the pursuit of efficiency, the use of targets, incentives and performance measurement. However, a strong professional service logic was also found to drive active client behaviour in relation to the management of OHS. Understanding the institutional logics driving client OHS practices is an important theoretical development that can stimulate reflexive practice which may create an impetus for change.
Schlagwörter:health; infrastructure; new public management
The Gender Pay Gap in Academia: Evidence from the Ohio State University
Autor/in:
Chen, Joyce J.; Crown, Daniel
Quelle: American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 101 (2019) 5, S 1337–1352
Inhalt: We utilize human resources data from The Ohio State University to assess the gender wage gap. We find a persistent gap of 11% among regular, tenure-track faculty after accounting for fiscal year, race, clinical appointments, experience, and department. While the presence of a statistically significant gender wage gap is robust, the magnitude of the gap varies substantially depending on how the sample of interest is defined. In assessing gender wage gaps, researchers and universities must be attentive to issues of attrition and classification. Transparency regarding how estimates are affected by sample exclusions and variable definitions will yield insight into possible sources of gender bias.
Autor/in:
Li, Anita; Gravina, Nicole; Pritchard, Joshua K.; Poling, Alan
Quelle: Behavior analysis in practice, 12 (2019) 4, S 743–746
Inhalt: We examined publicly available faculty salaries for men and women faculty members at 16 university programs accredited by the Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI). Overall, 52.4% of the 103 faculty members were women, although there were twice as many men as women at the full-professor level. Our data suggest that ABAI-accredited training programs pay women less than men at all academic levels. Both in absolute terms and relative to the wage gap reported in other areas of psychology, the difference in mean wages for women and men in our sample was substantial. The mean salaries of men were 13%, 6%, and 15% greater than those of women at the assistant-, associate-, and full-professor levels, respectively. At all levels, the highest salary reported was earned by a man, and the lowest salary was earned by a woman. This is an embarrassment for our discipline. It is time for a change, and we behavior analysts have the tools to make change happen. Let us put those tools to good use.
Schlagwörter:academia; faculty member; full professor; gender pay gap; Universität; university; wage gap
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
Sexual harassment is rife in US science : Science academies call for cultural shift to fight problem
Autor/in:
Witze, Alexandra
Quelle: Nature, 558 (2018) 21 June 2018, S 352–353
Inhalt: Sexual harassment is pervasive throughout academic science in the United States, driving some talented researchers out of the field and harming others’ careers, finds a report from the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in Washington DC. The analysis concludes that policies to fight the problem are ineffective because they are set up to protect institutions, not victims — and that universities, funding agencies, scientific societies and other organizations must take stronger action.
“The cumulative effect of sexual harassment is extremely damaging,” says Paula Johnson, president of Wellesley College in Massachusetts and co-chair of the committee that wrote the report. “It’s critical to move beyond the notion of legal compliance to really addressing culture.”
Schlagwörter:#MeToo; Arbeitsklima; bullying; gender-based violence; Hochschulbeschäftigte; Hostility; sexism in research; sexual harassment; sexuelle Belästigung; Universität; USA
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Hochschulen, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
Inhalt: We use data from six cohorts of university graduates in Germany to assess the extent of gender gaps in college and labor market performance twelve to eighteen months after graduation. Men and women enter college in roughly equal numbers, but more women than men complete their degrees. Women enter college with slightly better high school grades, but women leave university with slightly lower marks. Immediately following uni-versity completion, male and female full-timers work a very similar number of hours per week, but men earn more than women across the pay distribution, with an unadjusted gender gap in full-time monthly earnings of about 20 log points on average. Including a large set of controls reduces the gap to 5–10 log points. The single most important proxi-mate factor that explains the gap is field of study at university
Schlagwörter:Absolventen; Deutschland; Einkommensunterschied; Field of study; Gehalt; Gender Wage Gap; Germany; Teilzeitarbeit; University graduates
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Studium und Studierende, Statistik und statistische Daten, Geschlechterverhältnis
Inhalt: - Neue Auswertung von Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) zum Gender Pay Gap in Deutschland
- Mittlere Lohnlücke zwischen vollzeitbeschäftigten Frauen und Männern lag im Zeitraum 2010 bis 2014 bei 16 Prozent – gegenüber knapp 27 Prozent Ende der 80er-Jahre
- Gender Pay Gap steigt mit dem Alter deutlich an und ist zudem größer bei Gering- und SpitzenverdienerInnen sowie bei Beschäftigten mit Kindern
- Politik sollte bessere Rahmenbedingungen für eine geschlechtergerechte Aufteilung von Familien- und Erwerbsarbeit schaffen
- Arbeitgeber sollten auf geschlechtergerechte Organisationsstrukturen hinwirken