The gender-based violence as an instrument of warfare in armed conflicts
Autor/in:
Adeyanju, Collins G.
Quelle: Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 6 (2020) 2, S 57-70
Inhalt: The gender-based violence in recent times has become an integral part of the on-going Boko Haram Insurgency in North-East Nigeria. Since the full-scale declaration of combat between the Nigerian state and the insurgent group, the asymmetrical tactics of the group have been evolving, based on its capabilities. The recent spike in the targeted raid and attack on female schools, markets, and female institutions purposely for abduction and kidnapping of women and girls indicated this assertion. Due to the depletion of its fighters and loss of territories, there is a surge in mass deployment of ‘women and young girls’ as material instruments of warfare: fighters, suicide bombers, human shields, bargaining tools, sex slaves, informants, and so on. This article appraises the gender push-pull factors responsible, motivation behind the current behavior, and proffers some policy guidance.
It's getting late today, please do the laundry: The influence of long-distance commuting on the division of domestic labor
Autor/in:
Stenpaß, Anna; Kley, Stefanie
Quelle: JFR - Journal of Family Research, 32 (2020) 2, S 274-306
Inhalt: The study examines the effect of long-distance commuting on the division of domestic labor in heterosexual couples. A long journey to work can affect other areas of life. Commuters often have lower life satisfaction and their intimate relationships may be impaired by mental stress. When looking at domestic labor the question arises of who is in charge of managing the household and childcare. Do women still adopt the "lion's share of housework" or take over the "second shift" if they spend part of the day on long commutes to work and back home? A long commute is defined as a journey to work of at least 45 minutes, daily or several times a week. We present the results of pooled regression analysis and fixed effects regressions conducted on data from the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) for the years 2013, 2015, and 2016. The pooled analysis suggests a moderate association between a woman’s long commute and her partner's engagement in housework and childcare, especially when she commutes daily. Instead of living 'reversed roles', the partners share such tasks. However, when the association between a woman's long commute and her partner's engagement in childcare is estimated exclusively with fixed regression, it remains significant. If the man is a long-distance commuter, most often his partner is solely responsible for all household tasks. Relative labor market position and income distribution within the couples, as well as adherence to gender roles explain the effects of long-distance commuting on labor division.
Schlagwörter:Hausarbeit; housework; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; Partnerschaft; partnership; Pendler; commuter; Arbeitsweg; way to work; psychische Belastung; psychological stress; Lebenszufriedenheit; satisfaction with life; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Doing Gender; doing gender; Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Federal Republic of Germany; gender ideology; long-distance commuting; job-related spatial mobility; bargaining theory; Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) (2013, 2015, 2016)
SSOAR Kategorie:Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Executive Search Consultants' Biases Against Women (or Men?)
Autor/in:
Siegel, Rudolf; König, Cornelius J.; Zobel, Yannik
Quelle: Frontiers in Psychology, 11 (2020) , S 1-6
Inhalt: Women remain under-represented in leadership positions in many countries. Since executive search consultants (also known as headhunters) act as gatekeepers in the hiring process, headhunters' biases might influence the female under-representation. There is preliminary evidence that suggests headhunters favor men, but direct evidence is missing. Thus, this study directly tested this assumption using implicit and explicit measures (an implicit association test and a gender role attitudes survey), completed by 123 German executive search consultants. Although neither measure showed an anti-women bias (with the explicit measure being compared to a match sample from a representative survey using propensity score matching), the implicit association test showed an in-group bias (i.e., male headhunter had a stronger association of men and competence than of women and competence). The latter is worrisome because the majority of consultants in this business are men. Thus, organizations interested in more female managers need to carefully consider who they hire as their executive search consultants.
Left Behind? Migration Stories of Two Women in Rural China
Autor/in:
Fan, C. Cindy; Chen, Chen
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 2, S 47-57
Inhalt: Women being left behind in the countryside by husbands who migrate to work has been a common phenomenon in China. On the other hand, over time, rural women’s participation in migration has increased precipitously, many doing so after their children are older, and those of a younger generation tend to start migrant work soon after finishing school. Although these women may no longer be left behind physically, their work, mobility, circularity, and frequency of return continue to be governed by deep-rooted gender ideology that defines their role primarily as caregivers. Through the biographical stories of two rural women in Anhui, this article shows that traditional gender norms persist across generations. Yingyue is of an older generation and provided care to her husband, children, and later grandchildren when she was left behind, when she participated in migration, and when she returned to her village. Shuang is 30 years younger and aspires to urban lifestyle such as living in apartments and using daycare for her young children. Yet, like Yingyue, Shuang’s priority is caregiving. Her decisions, which are in tandem with her parents-in-law, highlight how Chinese families stick together as a safety net. Her desire to earn wages, an activity much constrained by her caregiving responsibility to two young children, illustrates a strong connection between income-generation ability and identity among women of the younger generation. These two stories underscore the importance of examining how women are left behind not only physically but in their access to opportunities such as education and income-generating activity.
Schlagwörter:China; China; ländlicher Raum; rural area; Wanderarbeitnehmer; migrant worker; woman; Betreuung; care; gender-specific factors; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Arbeitsteilung; division of labor; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Ostasien; Far East; caregiving; left behind; rural-urban migration
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Mothers Left without a Man: Poverty and Single Parenthood in China
Autor/in:
Li, Qin
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 2, S 114-122
Inhalt: Most single-parent families in China are headed by women, and single mothers represent one of the fastest-growing groups living in poverty. Yet few studies have examined this group. This article seeks to better understand how (and why) single mothers are disadvantaged in China. Based on in-depth interviews conducted in Zhuhai, Guangzhou Province, it demonstrates that single mothers are left behind in four respects: lower income and worse economic conditions, lower employment and career development opportunities, worse physical and mental health, and poorer interpersonal relationships and less chance of remarriage. The causes of these disadvantages include Chinese family beliefs, a culture of maternal sacrifice, the traditional division of labour between men and women and social stereotypes about single mothers. The article highlights the impacts of Chinese familism culture on single mothers and advocates incorporating a gender perspective into the agenda of family policy and other relevant social policies in China.
Schlagwörter:China; China; allein erziehender Elternteil; single parent; woman; Armut; poverty; Benachteiligung; deprivation; Ungleichheit; inequality; gender-specific factors; kulturelle Faktoren; cultural factors; Tradition; tradition; Mutterschaft; motherhood; Geschlechtsrolle; gender role; Stereotyp; stereotype; Sozialpolitik; social policy; Ostasien; Far East; familism culture; single mothers
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Familiensoziologie, Sexualsoziologie
Privileged Daughters? Gendered Mobility among Highly Educated Chinese Female Migrants in the UK
Autor/in:
Tu, Mengwei; Xie, Kailing
Quelle: Social Inclusion, 8 (2020) 2, S 68-76
Inhalt: The one-child generation daughters born to middle-class Chinese parents enjoy the privilege of concentrated family resources and the opportunity for education overseas. We focus on the "privileged daughters" who have studied abroad and remained overseas as professionals. Using three cases of post-student female migrants who were of different ages and at different life stages, we situate their socioeconomic mobility in the context of intergenerational relationships and transnational social space. Drawing on further interview data from the same project we argue that, although the "privileged daughters" have achieved geographical mobility and upward social mobility, through education and a career in a Western country, their life choices remain heavily influenced by their parents in China. Such findings highlight the transnationally transferred gendered burden among the relatively "elite" cohort, thus revealing a more nuanced gendered interpretation of transnational socioeconomic mobility.
Unsichtbare Arbeit: geschlechtersoziologische Perspektiven auf Verfestigungen und Neuverhandlungen von Ungleichheiten am Beispiel von Digitalisierung, körpernahen Dienstleistungen und der Corona-Pandemie
Titelübersetzung:Invisible Work: stabilization and re-negotiation of inequality in the fields of digital work, body work and in light of the Covid-19 pandemic - a sociology of gender perspective
Autor/in:
Carstensen, Tanja; Klein, Isabel
Quelle: AIS-Studien, 13 (2020) 2, S 61-77
Inhalt: Die Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung hat bereits in den 1970er Jahren herausgearbeitet, dass sich das Verhältnis von Arbeit und Geschlecht entlang der Achse Sichtbarkeit/Unsichtbarkeit konstituiert. Die Un/Sichtbarkeit von Arbeit ist grundlegend für die Hervorbringung von Geschlechterungleichheiten, sowohl in Erwerbsarbeit als auch in (unbezahlter) Reproduktionsarbeit. Gleichzeitig wird die Grenze zwischen beiden immer wieder neu verhandelt. Der Beitrag rekonstruiert dieses Verhältnis und untersucht am Beispiel von Digitalisierung, körpernahen Dienstleistungen und der Corona-Pandemie, wie sich durch aktuelle Veränderungen das Verhältnis von Arbeit, Geschlecht und Unsichtbarkeit neu konstituiert und differenziert. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass Unsichtbarkeit als analytische Kategorie in der Erforschung von Arbeit und Geschlechterverhältnissen den Blick auf historische Kontinuitäten genauso wie auf Grenzverschiebungen und Neuaushandlungen schärfen kann.
Schlagwörter:gender-specific factors; gender; woman; berufstätige Frau; working woman; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Digitalisierung; digitalization; Dienstleistungsarbeit; service work; Epidemie; epidemic; Geschlechterverhältnis; gender relations; COVID-19; Coronavirus
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Industrie- und Betriebssoziologie, Arbeitssoziologie, industrielle Beziehungen
Wandel und Persistenz beruflicher Exklusionsprozesse in der chemischen Industrie: zur sozialen Schließung von Tätigkeitsfeldern über das Ungleichheitsmerkmal Geschlecht in historischer Perspektive
Titelübersetzung:Change and persistence of professional exclusion processes in the chemical industry: on the social closure of career fields throug the inequality characteristic of gender in a historical perspective
Autor/in:
Horstmann, Anna
Quelle: AIS-Studien, 13 (2020) 2, S 28-42
Inhalt: Der Beitrag untersucht den Wandel von In- und Exklusionsmechanismen von Frauen aus der Chemieindustrie von 1900 bis 1990 in einem interdisziplinären unternehmens- und epochenübergreifenden Vergleich anhand des Konzepts der sozialen Schließung nach Max Weber. Um die soziologische Theorie der sozialen Schließung von Berufsfeldern jedoch für die Sozialgeschichte nutzbar zu machen, bedarf es einer Operationalisierung dieses Konzepts. Mithilfe der Dimensionen der sozialen Ungleichheit zwischen den Geschlechtern nach Nancy Fraser können Schließungs- und Wandlungsprozesse über einen langen Zeitraum miteinander in Bezug gesetzt und nachvollzogen werden. Anhand einer Fallstudie zu Chemikerinnen und Laborantinnen in der deutschen Chemieindustrie zwischen 1900 und 1990 wird exemplarisch skizziert, wie sich Webers Theorie für eine interdisziplinär angelegte Sozialgeschichte praktisch umsetzen lässt.
Schlagwörter:chemische Industrie; chemical industry; woman; Inklusion; inclusion; Exklusion; exclusion; historische Entwicklung; historical development; Weber, M.; Weber, M.; soziale Schließung; social discrimination; gender-specific factors; soziale Ungleichheit; social inequality; Sozialgeschichte; social history
SSOAR Kategorie:Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung
Quelle: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, (2020) 65, S 1-49
Inhalt: Research consistently reports pronounced earnings differences between men and women, even among the highly educated. This article investigates whether students' responsiveness to information on income returns relates to gender differences in major choices, which might contribute to the persistent gender wage gap. We use field-experimental panel data on students in Berlin (Germany), starting one year before high school graduation. Our intervention comprised information on major-specific returns to college and was provided to students in randomly selected schools. By comparing the major-specific application decisions of "treated" and "untreated" high school seniors, we examine whether, and why, male and female students respond differently to this information. As potential mechanisms behind a gender-specific treatment effect, we analyze the role of gender stereotypes and roles associated with certain job attributes. We find that providing income information on college majors only influences the major choices of male (not female) students with college intention: treated male students on average applied to majors associated with higher mean income. Further analyses suggest that this gender difference in the treatment effect cannot be explained by differential distributions or effects of preferred job attributes.
Schlagwörter:choice of studies; Stereotyp; Berufswahl; decision making criterion; gender role; Einkommensunterschied; Federal Republic of Germany; stereotype; occupational choice; Geschlechtsrolle; difference in income; Entscheidungskriterium; Lohnhöhe; wage level; gender-specific factors; Studienwahl; college major choice; field experiment; gender inequality; information; monetary returns
SSOAR Kategorie:Berufsforschung, Berufssoziologie, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
Afrikanische Im/Mobilisierungen im Umgang mit Covid-19: intersektionale Politiken der Sorge an der Schnittstelle von Geschlecht, Klasse und Postkolonialität
Autor/in:
Hasenöhrl, Synthia
Quelle: Femina Politica - Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft, 29 (2020) 2, S 119-120