Selecting early-career researchers : The influence of discourses of internationalisation and excellence on formal and applied selection criteria in academia
Autor/in:
Herschberg, Channah; Benschop, Yvonne; van den Brink, Marieke
Quelle: High Educ (Higher Education), 4 (2018) 2, 61 S
Inhalt: This article examines how macro-discourses of internationalisation and excellence shape formal and applied selection criteria for early-career researcher positions at the meso-organisational and micro-individual levels, demonstrating how tensions between the various levels produce inequalities in staff evaluation. In this way, this article contributes to the literature on academic staff evaluation by showing that Selection Committee members do not operate in a vacuum, and that their actions are inextricably linked to the meso- and macro-context. This study draws on qualitative multi-level data that comprise institutional-level policies, recruitment and staff protocols, job postings and individual-level interviews and focus groups with Selection Committee members. Findings show that a majority of Selection Committee members consent to university policies and macro-discourses when evaluating early-career researchers, but a smaller group questions and resists these criteria. Furthermore, the analysis revealed four inequalities that emerge in the application of criteria and reflect on disciplinary differences between the Natural and Social Sciences. The article concludes that with only a few Committee members to critically question and resist formal selection criteria, they limit the pool of acceptable candidates to those who fit the narrow definition of the internationally mobile and excellent early-career researcher, which may exclude talented scholars.
Are New Career Models for Science Research Emerging?
Autor/in:
White, Kate
Quelle: International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 10 (2018) 1, S 73–87
Inhalt: This paper explores how the traditional gendered model of science excellence impacts on the careers of women scientists. Using an Australian case study, it then examines the following aspects of science careers: what gives scientists job satisfaction; differing perceptions of how to build science careers; how networks, mobility and mentoring are fundamental to research careers; how gender is often a factor in science research careers; and huge generational change underway that is leading to new career models. The paper argues that these new models have the capacity to change the traditional gendered model of science careers.
Schlagwörter:Akademische Karriere; Arbeitszufriedenheit; career paths in science; Exzellenz; Frauen in der Wissenschaft; Gender; Geschlecht; Gleichstellung; Higher Education; Hochschule; Mentoring; Mobilität; Netzwerk; new career models; Österreich; wissenschaftliche Karriere; Wissenschaftskarriere
CEWS Kategorie:Berufsbiographie und Karriere, Wissenschaft als Beruf, Hochschulen, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Geschlechterverhältnis
Gender differences in higher education from a life course perspective : Transitions and social inequality between enrolment and first post-doc position
Autor/in:
Lörz, Markus; Mühleck, Kai
Quelle: High Educ (Higher Education), 62 (2018) 3, 151 S
Inhalt: In the last decades, a vast number of post-industrialised economies have experienced a growing participation of women in higher education. However, men and women still differ with regard to their subsequent academic careers and labour market prospects. While several studies have disentangled the cumulative process of gender inequalities along the path to higher education, few studies cover two or more subsequent transitions in the academic career following graduation from upper-secondary education. We have investigated gender differences at five educational stages between graduation from upper-secondary education and the first post-doc position. To explain gender differences, we have integrated arguments of individual decision-making and educational, familial and work context conditions. This life course perspective leads us to propose several hypotheses on why the academic careers of men and women would differ in terms of transitions to the next education stage and graduation. We test our hypotheses using a longitudinal dataset which covers a large part of individual educational and academic careers of a cohort of students, beginning at the age of 20 years and extending up to the age of 40 years. Our results show that gender differences are more pronounced at the beginning of the academic career and tend to fade out at later stages. In particular, gender differences occur most strongly at transitions to the next educational stage rather than being caused by different graduation rates. These differences can be explained only to a very minor extent by performance. Separated analysis shows that men and women differ in their reasons to start or stop an academic career, with family circumstances in particular having different consequences.
Still a glass ceiling? : Tracing the limits to women’s representation in elected office
Autor/in:
Kroeber, Corinna; Marent, Vanessa; Fortin-Rittberger, Jessica; Eder, Christina
Quelle: Comp Eur Polit (Comparative European Politics), 8 (2018) 4, 437 S
Inhalt: Is gender equal representation in parliaments right around the corner? A large bulk of empirical and theoretical studies would lead us to expect growing numbers of female office-holders in legislative assemblies (see e.g. Matland 1993; Salmond 2006; Hughes and Paxton 2008; Davidson-Schmich 2007; Caul Kittilson 2006). These researchers argue that societal modernization tendencies continue to transform people’s and parties’ attitudes towards women’s political activity. In addition, women’s representation should unfold as a self-reinforcing process, because female legislators encourage and empower more women to come forward as candidates for legislative office. Consistent with these arguments, the world average of women in parliaments is increasing continuously (Inter-Parliamentary Union 2018). However, as Figure 1 clarifies, the steady growth of the world average proportion of female office-holders hides considerable variation: Countries like Australia, Germany, Croatia, Latvia, Mauritius, or Panama experienced decreases at some point during the last decade. Our recent publication at Comparative European Politics enhances our understanding as to how women’s representation develops over time by looking at the subnational level of government. ...
Schlagwörter:Frauen in Führungspositionen; Glass ceiling; Politikerinnen
CEWS Kategorie:Berufsbiographie und Karriere, Geschlechterverhältnis
The Triple Whammy: Gendered Careers of Geographically Marginalised Academic STEM Women
Autor/in:
Herman, Clem; Hilliam, Rachel
Quelle: International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 10 (2018) 1, 19 S
Inhalt: In this paper we explore how gender, non-standard job roles as well as location create a triple whammy affecting the visibility and therefore the career paths of women STEM academics. Drawing on data from interviews and surveys at a distributed university with locations across the UK, we examine the experiences of a group of ‘Regional Academics’ who are located at a distance from the main university campus, either in regional centres or as homeworkers, and show how gender intersects with distance and status to exacerbate inequalities. In their narrative accounts, they describe themselves as the ‘glue that hold the bits of the university together’, mediating between part-time tutors, students and other academics and researchers. We explore how career progression has been limited for these liminal academics, but how small steps to increase visibility and provide recognition for achievement can result in strategies that overcome these inherent obstacles.
Reducing Gender Bias In Modern Workplaces : A Small Wins Approach to Organizational Change
Autor/in:
Correll, Shelley J.
Quelle: Gender & Society, 31 (2017) 6, S 725–750
Inhalt: The accumulation and advancement of gender scholarship over past decades has led us to the point where gender scholars today can leverage our deep understanding of the reproduction of gender inequality to develop and test models of change. In this lecture, I present one such model designed to reduce the negative effects of stereotypic biases on women’s workplace outcomes. After synthesizing the literature on stereotyping and bias and showing the limits of past change efforts, I develop a “small wins” model of change. Key to this model is that researchers work with teams of managers to produce concrete, implementable actions that produce visible results. I argue that small wins motivate further action and are the building blocks to larger organizational transformation. Preliminary results from several case studies show that this approach can produce important changes in the short run, such as reducing gender biases in workplace evaluations, and that these small wins can inspire longer run change, such as increases in the rate of hiring women.
Quelle: Enzyklopädie Erziehungswissenschaft Online, (2016) , S 1–23
Inhalt: Die Konzepte "Karriere" und "Geschlecht" sind auf spezifische Weise verbunden: Beruflicher Erfolg und damit Führungspositionen sowie Einkommenssteigerungen sind in unserer Gesellschaft mit dem Männlichen assoziiert. Dieser Beitrag bietet einen Überblick darüber, wie ungleiche Karrierechancen von Frauen und Männern entstehen und welche Erklärungen es bislang dafür gibt. Geschlecht spielt auf jeder Stufe der Karriereentwicklung eine Rolle, angefangen bei der Berufs- und Studienfachwahl, im Erwerbsverlauf und bei dem Aufstieg in Führungspositionen. Ungleiche Chancen lassen sich zu einem großen Teil auf Geschlechterkonstruktionen in der sozialen Praxis von Familien, Bildungsinstitutionen und Arbeitsorganisationen zurückführen, die weiterhin auf das System männlich/weiblich rekurrieren.
Geschlechterungleichheit in Führungspositionen der deutschen Wirtschaft : Ergebnisse einer Deutungsmusteranalyse
Titelübersetzung:Gender inequality in positions of leadership in German companies : Findings from an empirical study
Autor/in:
Alemann, Annette von
Quelle: Gender : Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, Jg. 6 (2014) H. 3, S. 10-25
Inhalt: "Am Beispiel der Erklärungen und Lösungsvorschläge für die Unterrepräsentanz von Frauen in Führungspositionen zeigt der Beitrag, wie sich Deutungsmuster von Spitzenführungskräften auf die Handlungspraxen in Organisationen auswirken. Das Datenmaterial geht auf ein Forschungsprojekt zurück, in dem Interviews mit 54 Spitzenführungskräften aus deutschen Unternehmen und Wirtschaftsverbänden qualitativ ausgewertet wurden. Geschlechterungleichheit wird von den Führungskräften als Kombination aus individuellem Versagen der Frauen und strukturellen Hindernissen gedeutet. Dem liegt die Annahme grundsätzlicher Unterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen zugrunde. Durch diese Argumentation lassen die Befragten den Eindruck der eigenen Unzuständigkeit für die Geschlechterungleichheit in Organisationen entstehen. Ihre Lösungsvorschläge richten sich in erster Linie an einen unpersönlichen 'Staat' und eine abstrakte 'Gesellschaft'. Staatliche Eingriffe durch gesetzliche Regelungen und Quoten werden jedoch abgelehnt." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The explanations and solutions for overcoming the under-representation of women in positions of leadership show how the interpretive frames of top managers and company owners affect practices in organizations. The data are based on a research project which analyzed interviews with 54 top executives in German companies and industry associations. The executives interpret gender inequality as a mixture of the individual failure of women and structural obstacles; the underlying assumption is that there are fundamental differences between men and women. By putting forward this line of argument, the interviewees give the impression that they are not responsible for gender inequality in organizations. Their solutions are primarily directed towards an impersonal 'state' and an abstract 'society'. Governmental intervention through legislation and quotas for women are rejected." (author's abstract)
"Ich hatte ein paar mehr Kämpfe auszustehen als mein Mann" : Dual-Career-Couples auf der Suche nach den Faktoren für gutes Leben und Arbeiten in der Wissenschaft
Titelübersetzung:"I had more fights to stand than my husband." : Dual career couples and their search for key factors for balancing life and academic work
Autor/in:
Leinfellner, Stefanie
Quelle: Gender : Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, Jg. 6 (2014) H. 3, S. 78-93
Inhalt: "Der Beitrag beleuchtet das bislang nicht gelöste Dilemma der Vereinbarkeit von wissenschaftlicher Karriere und Familie sowie die Strategien von Dual-Career-Familien vor dem Hintergrund gesamtgesellschaftlicher Veränderungsprozesse auf der Ebene von Geschlecht. Anhand von empirischem Datenmaterial wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Faktoren im lebens- und arbeitsweltlichen Kontext aus der Perspektive der befragten Doppelkarrierefamilien das Ausbalancieren von doppelter Karriere im Wissenschaftssystem als Arbeitsort mit Partnerschaft und Familie fördern oder hemmen. Es werden zunächst Schnittstellen und Kontexte des Dual- Career-Diskurses rekapituliert und anschließend mit Hilfe von Paarinterview-Ausschnitten Rahmenbedingungen für Karrieren in der Wissenschaft sowie deren Verwobenheit mit der vergeschlechtlichten Organisation der Familien- und Reproduktionsarbeit analysiert." (Autorenreferat)
Inhalt: "The article sheds light on the as yet unresolved dilemma of balancing a career and family life and the strategies adopted by dual career couples against the backdrop of social transformations in gender relations. Based on empirical data the author investigates the extent to which the interviewed dual career couples have to face contexts involving benefits and obstacles when combining two academic careers with partnership and family. The interfaces and contexts relating to the dual career discourse are first recapitulated. Then, using interviews with dual career couples as the basis, the article analyzes the gendered conditions for combining reproduction, everyday life as a family and work along the academic career track." (author's abstract)
Schlagwörter:Wissenschaftlerin; Dual Career Couple; Familie-Beruf; Leitbild; Karriere; Familienarbeit; Berufstätigkeit; berufstätige Frau
CEWS Kategorie:Arbeitswelt und Arbeitsmarkt, Berufsbiographie und Karriere, Geschlechterverhältnis, Vereinbarkeit Familie-Beruf