Associations between sexual assault victimization and risky drinking within college women's personal networks
Autor/in:
Patterson, Megan; Prochnow, Tyler; Fehr, Sara; et al.
Quelle: Violence against women, 28 (2022) 11, S 2603–2623
Inhalt: Within a sample of college women, this study assessed if an individual's (i.e., ego) history of sexual assault was related to her connecting with risky drinkers, and if her social contacts (i.e., alters) who had experienced sexual assault were also people who engaged in risky drinking. Results suggest ego's history of sexual assault was associated with her connecting to risky drinkers. Generally, egos reported alters who experienced sexual assault were more likely to drink in higher quantities, except when the ego and alter both had experienced sexual assault. Findings highlight the importance of social connections for survivors of sexual assault.
Risk and Protective Factors for Men’s Sexual Violence Against Women at Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic and Meta-Analytic Review of the Longitudinal Evidence - Bridget Steele, Mackenzie Martin, Alexa Yakubovich, David K. Humphreys, Elizabeth Nye, 2022
Autor/in:
Steele, Bridget; Martin, Machenzie; Nye, Elizabeth; et al.
Quelle: Trauma, violence & abuse, 23 (2022) 3, S 716–732
Inhalt: Sexual violence among higher education institution (HEI) students is a growing public health concern. To date, there is little evidence on how to effectively pr...
Schlagwörter:data analysis; men; offensive speech; perpetrator; Review; sexual abuse; violence
Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace
Autor/in:
Cortina, Lilia M.; Areguin, Maira A.
Quelle: Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. (Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior), 8 (2021) 1, S 285–309
Inhalt: Sexual harassment was once conceptualized solely as a sexual problem: coercive sexual advances that spring from natural feelings of sexual desire or romance. Research has since shown that by far the most common manifestation of sexual harassment is gender harassment, which has contempt at its core; this conduct aims to put people down and push them out, not pull them into sexual activity. With findings such as these, we have made many strides in the scientific study of sexual harassment. That body of scholarship is the focus of this article, which is organized around the following questions: What is sexual harassment, both behaviorally and legally? How common is this conduct in work organizations, and what are its consequences? What features of the social/organizational context raise the risk for sexual harassment? What are some promising (and not-so-promising) solutions to this pervasive problem? And finally, what are important directions for this area of research moving forward?
Inhalt: Mehr als die Hälfte (58,9 %) aller Medizinstudierenden in Münster sind sexueller Belästigung in ihrer Ausbildung ausgesetzt gewesen. Zu diesem Ergebnis kam eine umfragenbasierte Studie einer Arbeitsgruppe an der medizinischen Fakultät der WWU Münster. Die Studie, welche auf einer anonymen Erhebung aus dem Jahr 2018 aufbaut, beschäftigt sich mit unterschiedlichen Formen der sexuellen Belästigung in der medizinischen Ausbildung gegenüber männlichen und weiblichen Studierenden an der medizinischen Fakultät der WWU Münster.
Background
Assessment of the presence and characteristics of sexual harassment in academic medicine is a global issue. Only limited international data are available so far.
Methods
Aim: To assess the extent of sexual harassment and identify the perpetrators in the student population of the medical school of Münster, Germany.
A survey was undertaken, using the Medical Women’s International Association sexual harassment questionnaire translated into German. The anonymous online questionnaire was sent as a link to all medical undergraduates at Münster Medical School via a mailing list between 1 October and 30 November 2018. Identifying or potentially identifying data were not collected.
Data were analysed by descriptive statistical methods such as categorical variables. Baseline characteristics, e.g. answers by male or female medical students, were correlated with their individual sexual harassment experiences and perpetrator groups by means of univariate analysis.
Results
A total of 2162 medical students were asked to participate, with 623 (28.8%) completing the survey. Sexual harassment is a significant issue among medical students at Münster Medical School with over half (58.9%) of all undergraduates being exposed to sexually harassing behaviour. In total, 31.8% of all participants reported having experienced unwanted physical sexual contact such as unwanted physical touching, with 87.6% of the victims being female. Overall, 41.3% personally experienced verbal sexual harassment of which 87.4% were female. Furthermore, 8.5% of undergraduates faced forced sexual contact such as oral, anal or vaginal penetration, intercourse and rape, with all victims being female. Perpetrators in these cases were mostly male medical superiors (7.0%) and male patients (18.3%). In general, most perpetrators were patients, followed by medical superiors and educators, and less frequently by colleagues.
Conclusions
Sexual harassment in medical education and the medical workplace is a significant problem in a German medical school. Most students experiencing sexual harassment are females. Female students also experience the more serious forms of sexual harassment more often.
Schlagwörter:Befragung; Hochschule; Medizin; quantitative Methode; sexual harassment; Studierende; survey
The Comparative Analysis of Sexual Violence and Harassment at the Piloting Universities of Cyprus and Lithuania
Autor/in:
Šidlauskienė, Virginija; Pocevičienė, Rasa
Quelle: Informacijos mokslai, 92 (2021) , S 90–117
Inhalt: The sociocultural contexts of higher education institutions form the background for gender-based violence in professional structures and environment of academia. The article presents a comparative analysis of sexual violence and the reasons for its (non-)disclosure at the piloting universities in Lithuania and Cyprus. The findings of focus group interviews conducted within the framework of the Ending Sexual Harassment and Violence in Third Level Education (ESHTE) project, co-funded by the European Union, have been summarized in the present research. The focus group participants from each partner university involved university teachers, administrative staff, counselors and university students. The research was conducted during a 3-month period between 2017 and 2018. The main aim was to investigate university staffs’ and students’ experiences in the disclosures of the cases of sexual violence and harassment (SVH) in university environment and campus, as well as their awareness of existing procedures and policies in handling the cases of SVH. The results of this study discovered both universities’ academic and administrative staff and students’ personal experiences, attitudes and beliefs of SVH, as well as any of their suggestions towards the improvement of disclosures of SVH are discussed in the article.
Schlagwörter:academic and administrative staff; comparative research; Cyprus; GBV; geschlechtsbezogene Gewalt; international; Lithuania; sexual violence and harassment (SVH); Student*in; vergleichende Analyse
Inhalt: In this paper, we examine the experiences of female students and academics to understand the factors that underpin the persistence of sexual harassment in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) institutions. We draw on data from interviews and focus group discussions with female students and academics who participated in a study that focuses on gender inequality in science and technology universities in Ethiopia. Drawing on the concept of institutional betrayal, we argue that the high prevalence of sexual harassment in these universities is perpetuated by institutional actions and inactions through which universities fail to proactively prevent and effectively respond to sexual harassment. We suggest efforts to tackle sexual harassment need to focus on proactive and preventive measures that involve revisiting institutional policies and structures. We further suggest that grievance procedures need to be accessible, responsive, trustworthy and supportive.
Protecting the perpetrator: value judgements in US and English university sexual violence cases
Autor/in:
Shannon, Erin R.
Quelle: Gender and Education, (2021) , S 1–17
Inhalt: This paper examines four interviews with student survivors about their experiences of reporting sexual harassment and violence to universities in the United States and England, and their experiences of how their universities protected the perpetrators. Interview participants revealed that their assailants were not held accountable because the university determined they were more valuable than the survivor, whether in terms of the role the assailant occupied or their potential to make an impact in their field. I analyse these instances by combining three theories to show both how power/value relations in the neoliberal university make certain people (in)dispensable, and how these power/value relations are enacted through power dynamics of speech and hearing to protect the more ‘valuable’ party in university sexual violence cases. The article concludes with possible recommendations for structural change.
Schlagwörter:England; Gender; Hochschule; Macht; neoliberal university; neoliberalism; Neoliberalismus; power; sexual harassment; sexual violence; sexualisierte Diskriminierung; sexualisierte Gewalt; Täter; USA
CEWS Kategorie:Studium und Studierende, Sexuelle Belästigung und Gewalt
‘Not even close to enough:’ sexual violence, intersectionality, and the neoliberal university
Autor/in:
Colpitts, Emily M.
Quelle: Gender and Education, (2021) , S 1–16
Inhalt: As universities face unprecedented pressure to respond to sexual violence, this article critically analyses how they engage with intersectionality in their responses. Based on research in the Canadian province of Ontario, I demonstrate that universities’ commitments to intersectionality often fail to translate into practice. This failure results in anti-violence measures that do not address how systems of oppression shape vulnerability and access to support, or how the university is implicated in and constituted through these systems. When commitments to intersectionality are accepted at face value, they enable the university to brand their anti-violence measures as progressive and inclusive without necessarily addressing how sexual violence is produced and sustained through existing institutional power arrangements. As such, rather than celebrating universities for merely referencing intersectionality, I conclude that these commitments must be used to hold them accountable to the transformative work required to eradicate sexual violence on campus.
Schlagwörter:Canada; Hochschule; intersectionality; Intersektionalität; Kanada; neoliberal university; Neoliberalismus; sexual violence; university
See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil: Theorizing network silence around sexual harassment
Autor/in:
Hershcovis, M. Sandy; Vranjes, Ivana; Berdahl, Jennifer L.; Cortina, Lilia M.
Quelle: The Journal of applied psychology, (2021) , S 1–14
Inhalt: #MeToo has inspired the voices of millions of people (mostly women) to speak up about sexual harassment at work. The high-profile cases that reignited this movement have revealed that sexual harassment is and has been shrouded in silence, sometimes for decades. In the face of sexual harassment, managers, witnesses and targets often remain silent, wittingly or unwittingly protecting perpetrators and allowing harassment to persist. In this integrated conceptual review, we introduce the concept of network silence around sexual harassment, and theorize that social network compositions and belief systems can promote network silence. Specifically, network composition (harasser and male centrality) and belief systems (harassment myths and valorizing masculinity) combine to instill network silence around sexual harassment. Moreover, such belief systems elevate harassers and men to central positions within networks, who in turn may promote problematic belief systems, creating a mutually reinforcing dynamic. We theorize that network silence contributes to the persistence of sexual harassment due to the lack of consequences for perpetrators and support for victims, which further reinforces silence. Collectively, this process generates a culture of sexual harassment. We identify ways that organizations can employ an understanding of social networks to intervene in the social forces that give rise to silence surrounding sexual harassment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Quelle: Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie, 4 (2021) 71, S 167–177
Inhalt: In den vergangenen Jahren hat die #Me-Too-Kampagne maßgeblich beeinflusst,wie über sexuelle Belästigung gespro-chen und wie gegen sie vorgegangen wird. Die Berichte von Frauen (und später auch Männern) von Übergriffen und Diskriminierung in der US-amerikanischen Filmindustrie haben bewirkt, dass Verhaltensweisen zur Sprache kamen und verfolgt wurden, die zwar aus rechtlicher und moralischer Sicht als inakzeptabel gelten, zugleich aber als verbreitete Praxis erschienen. Nähe und Zugang der Betroffenen zu den Medien haben sicherlich das In-Gang-Kommen einer öffentlichen Debatte befördert, und etliche berichtete Ereignisse sind vermutlich mit besonderen Verhältnissen in Branchen wie Kunst, Kultur und Unterhaltung verbunden. Genau diese Überlegungen führen jedoch zu der Frage, ob denn nicht vergleichbare Ereignisse an jedem Arbeitsplatz der Welt vorkommen können. Da sexuelle Belästigung als Komplex mit körperlichen, psychischen und sozialen Aspekten gilt und jedes Unternehmen in Deutschland gesetzlich zu einer Gefährdungsbeurteilung für jeden konkreten Arbeitsplatz verpflichtet ist, liegt der Gedanke nahe, das Thema in diesem Rahmen aufzugreifen. Nachdem die Gefährdungsbeurteilung psychischer Belastungen ohnehin eine Vielzahl von Themen zu behandeln hat, scheint der Aufwand für die Integration eines weiteren Themas außerdem überschaubar.
Damit lässt sich die wachsende Zahl von Unternehmen erklären, die sexuelle Belästigung am Arbeitsplatz im Zuge einer Gefährdungsbeurteilung mit dem Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) untersuchen: Sie wollen die Gelegenheit nutzen, um herauszufinden, ob und in welcher Form sexuelle Belästi gung bei ihnen auftritt. Beim COPSOQ handelt es sich um einen Fragebogen, der in Deutschland von Freiburger Forschungsstelle für Arbeitswissenschaften GmbH (FFAW) bereitgestellt wird. Die aktuelle deutsche Version (Stand 2020) beruht auf der internationalen Version 3 [3, 14, 19]